摘要:本文是一篇留学生经济贸易历史的作业,已知的最古老的商队之路是西亚的丝绸之路。根据出生在伊斯坦布尔的m . Cerasi描述,其结构就像集市一样。
市场不仅仅是购物的地方,这是一个生产的地方并且拥有巨大的经济价值。在这个模型以前资本主义很难区分出集市的财政和工厂价值与文化的区别。
itory is cultivated) and heavy industry (large mining sector and vast reserves of boron representing 60% of global reserves), and a tertiary sector in full expansion (hotel and catering business). After going through a serious economic and political crisis in 2001, Turkey has made a spectacular recovery thanks to a more favorable political climate but also to monetary, fiscal and structural reforms inspired by the World Bank and the IMF. Turkish economy is also based on manufacturing (country’s number one industrial activity). Since the 1980s, tourism has also been a significant source of income: Turkey is one of the ten most visited countries in the world. The financial crisis of course had an effect on the growth of Turkish economy; nevertheless the latter recovered relatively quickly and has grown by 3.5% in 2010. For 2011, the government foresees one point increase, thus bringing the growth rate to 4.3%. Indeed, the government has undertaken large economic reforms: adoption of a floating currency regime, giving total independence to the Central Bank, budgetary discipline and inflation control. ??However, the Turkish economy remains vulnerable due to its high dependence on exports and foreign investment. With the current economic crisis, the unemployment rate has soared to around 15%. Turkey is also affected by its large informal sector.
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Table 5. GDP Per Capita, current prices
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Table 6. Inflation, average consumer prices (%)
Turkey Unemployment Rate
The unemployment rate in Turkey was last reported at 8.40 percent in July of 2012. Historically, from 2005 until 2012, Turkey Unemployment Rate averaged 10.79 Percent reaching an all time high of 16.10 Percent in February of 2009 and a record low of 8.00 Percent in June of 2012. The unemployment rate can be defined as the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. This page includes a chart with historical data for Turkey Unemployment Rate.
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source: TUIK
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Source: IMF – World Economic Outlook Database
Note: “e” Estimated Data
GNP
Turkey’s economic performance of last 20 years, relying heavily on export oriented growth
strategy, have resulted in a massive economic transformation from closed economy, to a competitive, market-oriented economy regulated through a liberal legal framework.
With its population exceeding 70 million people, Turkey is a big market. The liberal regime along with the considerable increase in government spending for establishing an advanced infrastructure, has been the main stimulus behind the increase in investment both for exports and big domestic market.
Having faced economic problems of rather expected for such a fast-growing economy, as can be seen for year 2001 from the table presented below, Turkey’s growth trend has not changed from its upward direction.
Turkey is expected to achieve an annual growth rate of 5% in year 2003, with the expected growth rate of similar figure for the coming year.
Currency
Turkey has a li
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