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of the early Islamic State in Arabia around 650 Christian eras A.D.

Examples of these early Islamic practices include the following (Hailey College of Banking & Finance):

Merchants of Mecca used to formed funds to assist victims of natural disasters or hazards of trade journeys.

Surety called Daman khatr al-tariq was placed on traders against losses suffered during a journey due to hazards on trade routes.

Assistance was provided to captives and the families of murder victims through a grouping known as a'qila.

Contracts, called 'aqd muwalat, were entered into for bringing about an end to mutual amity or revenge.

Confederation was brought about by means of a hilf, or an agreement for mutual assistance among people.

From the Islamic point of view social security is a divine scheme derived from the two sources; Qur’an and Sunnah (traditions and teachings of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)) which can be dated back to more than 1,400 years ago. As shown by A.L Buhari (1973). The principle embedded in these two sources can be broadly classified into the following (El-Sheikh 1987):

Protection of Human life (prohibition of destruction of human life whether it is His/her own or someone else’s).

Protection of human intellect (e.g. prohibition of intoxication).

Protection of human property (condemning misleading with one’s wealth as well as someone else’s such as gambling).

Protection human honor (condemning activities destroying families or promoting violence).

Protection human conscience (freedom of religion and worship or against imposing any faith or dogma on human beings).

The above fundamental principles, provides that one must find ways and means of avoid catastrophes and disasters wherever possible, and also to minimize the financial losses of himself or his family's should such events occur. And the possible way of doing so was to purchase an insurance cover as in the conventional system (Muhammad Ayub).

In order to fully understand these principles and also to relate them into Islamic insurance, firstly we need to examine what and what is Halal (lawful) and Haram (unlawful) according to the teaching of Islam.

It is in light of the above and need for real insurance cover, Islamic jurists (scholar) viewed Insurance as permissible, as long as it does not involve any form of Riba (usury), Gharar (uncertainty) and Maisir (gambling). They further concluded by saying that insurance in Islam should conform with principles of mutuality and co-operation.

伊斯兰教允许的保险——Permissibility of Insurance in Islam

Writers have discussed on the permissible of insurance in Islam and the forms, they have made comparisons between conventional and Islamic insurance system. Opinion is sharply divided on the place of insurance in Islam. Before going deeply into reviewing of some literature on Islamic insurance, we intend to start with the arguments of some Islamic jurist regarding permissibility of insurance in Islam. Is Insurance permissible in Islam? And also, how will Insurance be organized according to Islam?

This question of whether in