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etc., it will create a great impact on the operating cost and thus will affect transportation. There are many transportation projects that are feasible, but fail due to the energy factor. For this, solutions to conserve energy should be developed while striving to achieve the goals. Some ways to conserve energy resources are:

Suspension programs: This implies minimal power usage during off- shifts and providing incentives to the users who cut back their usage during high load periods (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2008).

High-ratio units: This involves the installation of high efficiency gadgets, with no performance penalty. It requires investment, which reduces the payback and also the monthly bill.

The rising cost of fuel is a very sensitive issue whether it is concerned with third party transporters or private fleet. Some strategies to overcome this are:-

Mode assessment: According to the service requirements, the mode of assessment can be changed, which can result in reduced freight cost.

Transportation management systems (TMS): This system can provide proper planning and effective load tendering and result in substantial savings.

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Private fleet concerns: They can attain control over the fuel cost and its usage. The investment can be reduced by eliminating one or more fuel supply chain links.

Off-Highway Vehicles: In the United States, issues continue to be under scrutinies that are related to environment and air quality. If there are more stringent air regulations, it will affect warehousing. For this, electric vehicles can be used in place of non- electric vehicles. As a result, manufacturers of electric rolling stock will give great power and efficiency vehicles (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2008).

Price: Price is an important factor in determining the transportation partner for many companies. Past trends and records do not relate to the future performances. Presently, companies require efficient, effective and minimum transportation cost. Competition is growing at a fast pace in the logistics industry and the companies, which operate with core values at low price become successful in the market.

Global Marketplace: Global impact must always be viewed in the changing supply chain. Transportation and operation system should be designed in a way that products and packaging can be accomplished easily by the international customers. Exporting services include inbound and outbound freights to carry on international transactions. The company should provide 24 hour services for the customers (Tompkins & Harmelink, 2008).

Weather: It is also a significant factor that affects transportation system. If there are any weather uncertainties, it will negatively affect the transportation activities and can bring losses for the company. It can also affect the market functions and the exchange rates.

物流方法-Logistics Methods

The logistics activities are carried out differently in different geographical area. If it is a local transaction, it can be carried out through roadways i.e. by vans, trucks, lorries and buses. If it is an out of state transaction, the transportation activities can be carried out through roadways as well as railways. If the transaction is coast to coast, it is carried out through ships. A