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'The ground is either paved, often with fancy designs or, in more open or uneven places, left quite rocky.'(Keswick,2003,p.29). For the West, lawn plays a profound role in their landscape design.Lawns evoke the sweetness and light of nature, it represents the grassy meadows and and behind all that lies the pastoral tradition.Whereas, for the Chinese, the soft grasses, in the breeze, waving, represented the grasslands of the northern steppes, which can be associated to the raids made by the violent nomads, whose lives were ruled by the need to pasture their cattle.(Keswick,2003)

 

On one hand, western culture centered on analytical difference, separating the objective from subjective.On the other hand, the Chinese culture focused on holistic harmony between nature and man and human relationships.Chinese Taoism,cosmos harmony and Confucianism emphasized on connections between objects, and the need to examine an object from an overall perspective.In olden times, this cosmos harmony was used in the Chinese landscape planning, hence shaping it in a specific form.While the Chinese used the skills of depth, implicitness and transience in its gardens, the western occasionaly leaned towards passion and fanaticism. (Pang, 2012)

 

A typical Chinese garden layout will consist of the following components, at the entrance a screening feature with elegant rockery or whitewashed wall can often be found.Opposite the central garden scene, sitting across the pond we might often find an artificial hill with its reflection in the pond.As complimentary scenes, galleries, pavillions and other features might be seen assigned to the central pond banks or resting on the hill.Mountain views and water scenes is usually linked through foothpaths and bridges (Tsu,1988).In these gardens, there exists a frequent change between shrinking and opening in space,small and large in size, or dimming and brightness in light effect, thereby enabling the visitor to appreciate the aesthetic usage of the space.Apart from royal gardens, most of the chinese private gardens are smaller in size.But they are designed in such a way that,it makes them look larger.This is done by using partitions, which prevents us from seeing the whole garden at a single glance.More the partitions, larger the garden appeared.Partitons were in the form of corridors, trees,walls or artificial hills.Inorder to block distasteful views, while helping the visitor to focus on the beautiful parts, frames were commonly used.For example,lattice windows, moon-gates, or openings of different shapes on the partition walls (Anon.,n.d.)

 

One of the most striking features of the Roman gardens, was their formal layout, which was mainly based on geometric patterns. They were basically architectural creations, governed by the structure of villa or townhouse and other solid elements like paths and walls.Such kind of straight boundaries gave a formal tone to these gardens.They were often used as a dining areas or a social space, hence concrete or stone tables were often included in the design.All the roman gardens,big or small, rural or urban, had water supply through pools, small canal or dipping tanks本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。