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tions to teachersto conduct formative assessment in the teaching process to control the whole class andstudents' learning activities; Bachman & Palmer[7] made a research from the point of tests toemphasize the importance of the formative assessment in guiding students' learning, adjustingteaching skills and improving teaching materials, while summative assessment could onlyprovide the scores to the students, lacking necessary guidance to the language teaching;Harlen & James[8] put emphasis on the understanding of the gap between students' currentcompetence and their learning goals.
Over the past years, the educators have gained a more clear realization about thesummative assessment ~ it is only a part of the teaching evaluation lacking overall assessment，accurate information about students' learning abilities, process and achievement in theirlearning process. Therefore, in order to cover the shortage, the formative assessment is ofgreat importance to be introduced into language teaching and learning process to obtainfeedback of teaching, adjust teaching content, improve teaching skills and teaching quality,meanwhile, to help students know their own development, adjust learning strategies, improveteaching efficiency and become better autonomous learners.在过去的几年中，已经获得了广大教育工作者更清晰的实现对thesummative评估～它仅仅是一个教学评价缺乏全面的评估，学生的学习能力的准确信息，过程和实现在theirlearning过程的一部分。因此，为了弥补这一不足，形成性评价是中国处于重要的语言教学过程教学obtainfeedback，引入，调整教学内容，提高教学技能和教学质量，同时，帮助学生知道自己的发展，调整学习策略，improveteaching效率，并成为更好的自主学习。

Chapter Two Literature Review

In this chapter, the history of the formative assessment will be the focus, presenting areview of the related theories and research findings in the field of formative assessment inChina and at abroad. It also includes the definitions, methods and theoretical base offormative assessment and a brief comparison between formative assessment and summativeassessment in order to give detailed information about the development of formativeassessment.在本章中，形成性评价的历史将是重点，提出在该领域形成性评价inChina和国外的相关理论和研究成果，探究。它还包括定义，方法和理论基础offormative评估和形成性评价与summativeassessment详细信息关于formativeassessment的发展为了给一个简短的比较。

2.1 Formative Assessment

2.1.1 Definition of Formative Assessment2.1.1形成性评价的定义
大量的术语“形成性评价”的定义已forwardover过去几年中，所以它没有一个严格的定义和被广泛接受的意义[口]不同的定义已经提出了不同的理论基础上，通过各种教育andviews在不同的times.Black和Wiliam解释形成性评价“，为包括所有那些由教师activitiesundertaken，和/或他们的学生，提供的信息将用于asfeedback修改教学和学习活动中，他们从事”; Cowieand贝尔考虑它是“由教师和学生使用的过程认识和应对tostudent的为了提高，学习学习，在学习过程中”;谢泼德等认为它isthe“在教学过程中开展的评估的目的improvingteaching或学习”据发疯，“形成性评价是指频繁，互动评估学生的学习进度和理解，确定学习需要适当andadjust教学”卡尔认为，“形成性评估是一个的工具thatteachers使用特定的主题和技能来衡量学生掌握教学。是a'midstream工具，以确定具体的学生的误解和错误而材料isbeing教“;布罗德福特等的结论是：”促进学习的评估是为学生和他们的老师决定在哪里使用的过程中，对证据的解释seekingand的learnersare在他们的学习，他们需要的地方去，以及如何最好到那里“。
A large number of definitions of the term "formative assessment" have been put forwardover the past years，so it doesn't have a tightly defined and widely accepted meaning.[口]Different definitions have been proposed by various educators based on different theories andviews at different times.Black and Wiliam interprets formative assessment "as encompassing all those activitiesundertaken by teachers，and/or by their students, which provides information to be used asfeedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged"; Cowieand Bell consider it is "the process used by tea本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。