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ing in English writing enhance college students’ writing scores?(3) Is the cooperative learning in English writing effective in the improvement of collegestudents’ English comprehensive proficiency?
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Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 Concept of cooperative learning
Cooperative learning has become a mainstream in the teaching field since 1970srising in America, which helps to improve students’ academic achievement andnon-intellectual improvement. Cooperative learning means that the students underteachers’ guidance work in small groups on the same goals and receive rewards based ontheir group performance. Each group member’s unique effort and contribution are requiredand indispensable for group success.The thought of working cooperatively together comes out as early as the first centurywhen Quintillion argued that students could benefit from teaching one another.Cooperative learning, possessing a rich and long history, originates in Britain but rises inAmerica. In the late 1700s Joseph Lancaster and Andre Bell make extensive use teaminggroups in England, and the idea is brought to America when a cooperative Lancastrianschool is opened in New York City in 1806. During the Common School Movement in theUnited States in the early 1800s cooperative learning is strongly advocated and widelyused to promote the educational goals. Colonel Francis Parker, one of the most successfuladvocates of cooperative learning in America in the last three decades of the nineteenthcentury, his fame and success rests on the spirit creating a classroom atmosphere that istruly cooperative and democratic. When he is a superintendent of the public school atQuincy, Massachusetts, he averages more than 30000 visitors a year to examine his use ofcooperative learning procedures. Parker’s devotion dominates American education throughthe turn of the century.
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2.2 Theoretical background of this study
The Group Dynamics theory is the core theory of the social group work, which holdsa consistent, underlying premise that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Groupdynamics refers to the system of behaviors and psychological processes appearing within asocial group or between social groups. It means that the groups’ behavior is resulted fromthe interactions of individual group member.Social psychologist Kurt Lewin coined the term group dynamics to describe thepositive and negative forces within groups. In 1945, he established The Group DynamicsResearch Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the first institute devotedexplicitly to the study of group dynamics. Kurt Koffka and Kurt Lewin hold that theindependence of members within groups, created by sharing a common goal, is essentialfor a group to become a dynamic whole. Morton Deutsch develops the interdependence topositive interdependence, negative interdependence and nonexistent interdependence. GoalStructure Theory, put forward by M. Deutsch (1949) based on The Colony Drive Theoryby Lewin, pointed out that Goal Structure has three forms: cooperative structure,competitive structure and individual structure. The cooperative goal structure in whichone’s effort is helpful and necessary to the each other’s goals. One can success on thepremise of the group success first. Therefore, to meet their personal goals, the whole groupmust help others in their group to do whatever helps the group to succeed and to exe本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。