Cultures Problem study [5]
论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:学术文章 Scholarship Essay登出时间:2015-05-26编辑:xiaoni2000点击率:10722
论文字数:4687论文编号:org201505211614422287语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
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摘要:本文是一篇美国议论文,主要讨论了二战后来自不同文化背景的人们能够互相理解的问题。
ndom changes in the genes (DNA) which produce individuals with differences; also, various traits are dominant or recessive; hence, those once recessive traits or those random genetic changes which allow the off-spring of individuals to better adapt, originate new species. Similarly, Popper's Darwinian model of how theories evolve by trial and error faces the Darwinian problem of explaining how new theories are generated. The solution lies in, on one hand, Polanyi's notion of the tacit dimension, and in, on the other hand, Popper's notion that the contents of objective knowledge exceed the awareness of individuals. When individuals become aware of implicit problems and implicit consequences of theories, they use their tacit personal knowledge to generate new theories to solve the problems and incorporate the consequences.
The implicit dimension of objective knowledge and the tacit dimension or subjective knowledge which lies in the knower's embodied knowledge, function together to produce novel theories. The implicit dimension of objective knowledge contains the hidden problems and consequences of explicit theories. The tacit dimension contains the subsidiary and bodily aspects of what we explicitly know. Both dimensions-the implicit dimension of objective knowledge and the tacit dimension-interlock to produce novel answers to our emergent problems. The problems that emerge from the implicit contents of objective knowledge direct our subjective knowledge to produce solutions. As Popper among many other say, finding the problem is fifty-percent of the solution. This common saying can be explicated as follows: it is a short-hand way of saying that the process of making explicit the implicit contents of the objective dimension guides the uncovery of solutions from one's subsidiary awareness. Many discoverers have an 'aha' experience when coming up with the solution to a problem-it is as if one knew it all along. One does know it all along because the germ of the solution is just beyond one's focal awareness. As one shifts one's focal awareness, the solution pops into awareness.
For instance, after Einstein discovered the theory of special relativity, Poincare claimed that he was the real discoverer of that theory. It is unlikely that Einstein was a plagiarist and less than the original genius that he was. However, Poincare should not be dismissed as a disgruntled and ungenerous egomaniac. Rather, Poincare and Einstein independently articulated the same implicit content of the objective dimension of knowledge. However, Einstein's deeper tacit understanding of electromagnetism lead him to produce the more direct and complete articulation of the theory of relativity. Similarly, though Lorentz was able to produce the mathematical equations for the transformations of distance and time between different frames of reference, he did not have a full grasp of the meaning and function of his formulae. Moreover, he did not see the problem as Einstein and Poincare saw it. Lorentz thought that he was working on the problem of how to explain the lack of any difference in the measurement of the velocity of light through the ether. Einstein and Poincare saw the problem as whether measurement has any independence from the observer; and also for Einstein, as how the laws of physics maintain uniformity throughout nature. The implicit content of this problem-situation has guided the formation of the main problems of phy
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