Cultures Problem study [8]
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论文字数:4687论文编号:org201505211614422287语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
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摘要:本文是一篇美国议论文,主要讨论了二战后来自不同文化背景的人们能够互相理解的问题。
-Polanyian theory of Knowledge, or more specifically, Knowledge Creation, can solve both the specific problem of the lack of communication between computer technology support staff, and computer-users and the general problem of the lack of communication between scientists and humanists. Knowledge creation must cross cultures because of the implicit contents of the objective dimension of Knowledge and the tacit dimension of embodied, subjective, personal knowledge. The implicit contents of created Knowledge as objective, and as open to the discovery of everyone regardless of background, transcends culture. However, created Knowledge is only originated through an intensely personal subjective or psychological process of changing one's focal awareness, of using and extending one's subliminal awareness and understanding. Though the scientist is culturally bound when he creates knowledge because knowledge creation partially depends on culturally embodied knowledge. This process of knowledge creation ironically embodies the traditional or stereotypically humanistic or artistic processes of commitment, subjectivity, illogical leaping to conclusions, imagination, recognition, metaphor, irony...and so forth. Whereas the process involved in the evolution of objective knowledge conforms to traditionally or stereotypically scientific processes of detachment, neutral criticism, logic, analysis, and so forth. Thus, in some respects, the two cultures problem rests on misleading stereotypes; for the processes of knowledge creation and knowledge evolution apply both to the scientific and humanist cultures.
The two cultures problem in the current setting of techno-science has evolved into the problem of how technocrats and humanists can communicate with each other. The Popper-Polanyi theory of knowledge creation and knowledge evolution entails that humanists and scientists must communicate with each other. The objective problems implicit in the objective contents of scientific theory is open to everyone and transcends culture. These objective contents guide the subjective process of knowledge creation-the development of multiple theories which attempt to solve the problems. Thus to gain a better understanding of the driving problems of a situation, the more people that discuss and elaborate the problems, the more chance is there for the creation of new solutions. With respect to the lack of communication between those who support technology systems and those who use those systems, it is upto technology support staff to listen to the complaints of users and to interpret them as possible design flaws. The problems or bugs in technologies which in the terms of Donald Norman, 'make people stupid', can only be solved by technology developers who adopt the goal of attempting to 'make people smart': to develop systems which enhance our abilities rather than curb them.
Hence, the Popper-Polanyi theory of knowledge creation and evolution solves the two problems in its current or post-modern form as follows:
First, the cultures of scientists and humanists are not polar opposites but contain common elements. Scientists are humanists when they create knowledge: they rely on subjective, alogical processes of irony, metaphor, focus or perspective switching and so forth. Humanists are scientists when they elaborate problems, and critically discuss interpretation: hermeneutics, history, and philosophy involv
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