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论文作者:英语论文论文属性:学术文章 Scholarship Essay登出时间:2015-06-30编辑:g790726705点击率:17906
论文字数:7023论文编号:org201506271458333438语种:英语 English地区:印度价格:免费论文
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摘要:阐述土地对于印度这个农业大国经济发展的地位
By the end of the 1950s, tenancy was ubiquitous and circumstances had converged to create a perfect storm that favored already powerful landlords at the expense of their tenants. Most tenancies were oral and terminable at will. Laws provided no (or virtually no) protection or even legal recognition of the most vulnerable tenants, including sharecroppers and tenants-at-will on ex-intermediaries' home farms. The relationships were ripe for legislative intervention.
National Policy Framework on Agricultural Tenancy
In the 1960s and 1970s, every Indian state passed tenancy reform legislation. As with their earlier efforts to abolish intermediaries, equity and efficiency concerns supplied the fuel for the tenancy reform. However, unlike the legislation to abolish intermediaries, policy guidelines from the central government strongly directed state tenancy legislation. As discussed below, the additional direction brought little additional success. Assessed against objectives, the results of tenancy reform laws were, with some exceptions, weak or even counterproductive. While the laws allowed tenants to acquire ownership。
The intermediary tenures covered about one-half of the country, mostly in the Northern and Eastern parts.Accordingly, every state passed its own legislation for the abolition of intermediary rights on payment of compensation. The implementation of the enacted laws has been practically completed. Only a few minor intermediary tenures still remain to be abolished and efforts are afoot to do away with them also. As a result of the abolition of intermediary tenures about 20 million erstwhile tenants are estimated to have become peasant proprietors owning land directly under the State. Large areas of privately owned forests and waste land vested in the State. One serious flaw in the programme of abolition of intermediary tenures was that no effort was made to limit the size of the home farms of the Zamindars or to extend protection to the tenants-at-will, mostly sharecroppers on those home farms. The abolition of intermediary tenures would have led to far more satisfactory results if steps had been taken simultaneously to limit the size of the home farms and extend protection to the insecure tenants.