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br /> 2.1 Nominalization and Abstract Nouns
Before we enter the field of previous studies of nominalization, some words mustbe added about the difference of nominalization and general abstract nouns, so that wewill have a clearer picture of the patterns of nominalization.The entrenched abstract nouns such as war, art, music, reason, opinion, and thoughtdiffer from nominalizations in that instead of transforming from a verb or an adjectiveto a noun by means of deriving two word categories within the language system, theyare nouns already (Cai Jigang, 2003, p.3).Nominalization is a kind of abstract nouns. From the perspective ofSystemic-Functional linguistics as we will discuss in the next section, nominalizationusing is called grammatical metaphor. Halliday used the terminology “congruent” torefer to the original expression, which refers to the verb or adjective as they should beapplied; while “metaphorical” goes to the application of nominalization patterns.Whether these two ways of expression can be reversed from one to another is a criterionof judging a noun as a nominalization, while entrenched abstract nouns do nonecessarily do so.
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2.2 Different Classifications of Nominalizations
We discuss different classifications of nominalization here to pave the way forscope of the later empirical study. In a review of all the literatures, there are generallytwo approaches to classify nominalization. One is from the level of morphology, theother is from syntax. Nominalization differs according to the level of assembly at which nominalizationtakes place: firstly, they may be structures that have been transcategorized from verb tonoun, i.e. nominalizations at the level of the word with a simple nominal head (as in 3and 4) (Heyvaert, 2003, p.4) Actually, classification of collocation is just a mere description of the usage ofsentential nominalization. Classification at the level of argument, comparing with thefirst one, is more analytic than descriptive. It classifies nominalizations according totheir position in the structure. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of them. Theyare gerundive nominals, derived nominals and the mixed nominals.Morphologically, gerundive nominals are the ones converted from verbs and addedwith suffix ing, such as their fighting; derived nominals are the converted and zerosuffixation nominalization referred in the last section; mixed nominals are morecomplex compared with the other two kinds of nominals. They could be in the form ofgerundive nominals but differ in use, for example, their examining could be gerundivenominals and mixed nominals. How to make sure that a nominalization ending with thesuffix ing is a gerundive nominal or a mixed one calls for solution. Here comes theadvantage of the approach of classifying nominalization at the level of syntax.
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Chapter Three Methodology ....23
3.1 Research Questions.....23
3.2 Research Design .........24
3.3 Corpora .....25
3.4 Procedures.......26
3.5 Data Collection .....31
Chapter Four Data Analysis and Discussion....32
4.1 General Data Description........32
4.2 Data Analysis ........40
4.3 Discussion.......47
Chapter Five Conclusion .........57
5.1 Major Findings......57
5.2 Pedagogical Implication .........58
5.3 Limitations of the Thesis ........60 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。