英语论文网

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Significance of the Study
Testing and examinations have tremendous effects on teaching and learning.Some of these effects are positive, that is, they lead to more effective learning.However, negative effects occur as well, and result in teacher and student effortsbeing spent in activities other than teaching and learning the material desired.Eckstein and Noah (1993) described the situation for Chinese students this way:“They [students in mainland China] have had little incentive to study anythingthat will not be on the examination paper. There is no time in their classes toexplore questions that are unlikely to come up on the tests. Classes are devoted tolectures and recitations, and homework consists of reviewing notes andtextbook.”Part of the problem results from high-stakes tests, which have significantinfluence on the test-takers’ lives. Such examinations determine university acceptanceor employment opportunities. Moreover, it isn’t only the students’ performance that isbeing evaluated. Teacher performance and school effectiveness are appraised bystandardized tests.It could perhaps be argued that such examinations need to be reevaluated,re-engineered, and adapted to current needs. Certainly, effort needs to be made toidentify and categorize washback that presently occurs. Those instances where theeffect is positive or beneficial should be encouraged and cultivated.
……………

1.2 Purpose of the Study
The current study is meant to examine the old and new SHSEET and comparethem. The washback will be examined, to determine how it has changed, and whetherthe changes are beneficial or negative in nature. The washback will also be contrastedwith the washback of the prior version of the SHSEET. To the extent possible, thewashback effects will be identified and categorized, as well as changes or trends in theeffects. After this introduction, the second chapter of this thesis will review priorliterature in the subject at hand. This will include definitions and classifications oftests, as well as discussion of the design and evaluation of language tests. The secondchapter will also include an in-depth examination of the washback effect, its features,classification, hypotheses and research regarding it and its causes. Finally, chapter twoincludes a thorough examination of the washback effect of both the old and newSHSEET.Chapter three will explain the methodology used, the subjects, instruments, datacollection, and the validity and reliability of that data. Both qualitative instruments,such as interviews and observations, and quantitative instruments, such as test scores and questionnaires, will be discussed. The chapter will also detail the questions thedata is meant to answer.Chapter four details the results obtained from the research discussed in chapterthree. Further, the effects of washback observed on teaching and learning will bediscussed.Chapter five will detail the major findings and their implications. Limitations ofcurrent research and suggestions for future exploration will also be discussed.
……………

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Junior High School English Teaching and Learning
The publication of “Junior English Curriculum Standards For Middle Schools”(2001) meant the start of innovations in jun本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。