hall”在合同中,并非指单纯的将来时,
而是常常用来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务,表示当事人需要承担的义务,有“应该”、“必须”的意思。“will”在合同中虽也用作表示承担义务,但语气比“shall”弱。在合同中“should”通常只用来表示语气较强的假设“万一”,极少用来表示“应该”,这是英语合同用词与基础英语用词的不同之处。如:
卖方保证货物达到质量标准,没有瑕疵。虽然中文中无“应该”字样,但应翻译成:
The seller shall guarantee that the goods meet the quality standards and without blemish.
下面再列举一些词的正规表达和口语表达:
修改―amend―change, correct;给予―assign―give;召集会议―convene―call to meet;
解释―construe―explain;同意―consent―agreement;立约―covenan―promise in writing;
认为―deem―consider;立刻-forthwith-at once;临时的-interim-temporary;
参与-partake-join;要求-require-ask;递交-surrender-give。
1.5 专用表达的准确。在商务合同中还经常出现一些像In Witness Whereof、Know All Men by these presents 之类的专用表达,这些单词或词组在日常交流中几乎不用。如:
(1)本协议书于上面所签定的日期由双方根据各自的法律签定,开始执行,特立此据。
In Witness Whereof, the parties hereto have caused the Agreement to be executed on the day and year first before written inaccordance with their respective laws.
(2)特此宣布,我中国建设银行向腾达公司立约担保支付三百万元人民币保证金,本保证金对银行及其继承人和受让人均具有约束力。
Know All Men by these presents that we Construction Bank of China will be bound to Tengda Corp. in the sum of threemillion RMB yuan for payment well and truly to be made to the Owner , the Bank will bind itself , its successors and assigns bythese presents. 1.6 词项重复的准确。
词项重复是指很少使用代词,重复关键词。这是为了达到准确的目地。除在“it is agreed as follows”和“it is understood that”两种结构中外,代词“it”几乎见不到。此外,名词前常用“said”、“aforesaid”、“above-mentioned”等来限定,如:
如卖方延迟交货超过合同规定10 周时,买方有权撤消合同。此时卖方仍应不延迟地按上述规定向买方支付罚款。
In case the Seller fails to make delivery ten weeks later than the time of shipment stipulated in the Contract, the Buyer shallhave the right to cancel the Contract, and the Seller, in spite of the cancellation, shall nevertheless pay the aforesaid penalty to theBuyer without delay.
2.句法的准确
2.1 句式结构的准确。
(1)商务合同中均以完整句子为主,陈述句居多,具有相同或类似的深层逻辑结构。且多用主动语态,少用被动语态。
因为主动语态比较自然、明确、直接和有力。如:
本租赁合同生效日起,承租人应向出租人支付相当于二个月租金(4,000 美元)的押金,作为对忠实履行本租约的担保金。本押金将于1998 年5 月11 日租约到期时,在承租人交还租房,而设备完好的前提下,归还承租人(不计息),或者,在租约提前终止时,按本租约规定办理。
On the date of coming into force of this Lease, the Lessee deposits with the Lessor the sum equaling two months’ rent (=USD4,000) as security for the faithful performance of the provisions of this lease, and to be returned to the Lessee without interest whenthe Lessee surrenders the premises and all the equipment in good condition on expiration May 11, 1998 of this lease or based on theconditions of this Lease for sooner termination.
这则商业用房租赁合同,中文是两个句子,而为了表达连贯,富有逻辑,英文翻译中只用了一个完整的句子:主句加时间状语从句,附带介词词组状语和分词词组状语。
(2)常用条件句。合同除了规定双方应该履行的义务外,还设想了各种可能发生的情况和处理办法,所以条款中条件句较多,尤其是在有关付款、违约责任、不可抗力、财产处理和仲裁等几章中更是屡见不鲜。英文中最常见的有以下几种表达方式: in the event that, in case 等。这种结构虽然拖沓冗长,但表意非常精确,杜绝了产生歧义的情形。如:
若需要进口许可证,买方应在订货前办妥。
In case the Import License is required, the buyer should settle the problem before placing the order.
(3)为了表达希望某事不太可能发生,常用“should”放于句首,主语与动词倒置的从句加主句的句型。这种结构表示强烈的假设。如:
假如买方未能履行与卖方所订立合同的任何条款,卖方有权终止全部或部分合同,或延期交货,或截留运输中货物。
Should the buyer fail to perform any provision of the contract signed with the seller, the seller is entitled to terminate the wholeor any part of the contract, or postpone the delivery or hold back the goods in transit.
2.2 状语位置的准确。按照英语写作的一般规则,主谓之间不能放置较长的状语。但在商务合同英语中,较长的状语和never、 often 等经常出现在主谓之间。另外一般文书的状语从句中,If、When、In case 等连词与从句的主语之间一般不能放置状语,但商务合同英语中的状语可以这样做。这样是为了保持语意的连贯。如:
任何一方向合资公司付清其认缴的出资额以后,对合资公司的任何债务不承担责任。
No Party shall, after having paid to the joint venture compan
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