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tention anddiscussion at home and abroad.In the past 40 years,many scholars have done a lot ofresearch on it,especially the lexical fossilization.The lexical fossilization hasseriously hindered the development of SLA.In order to have a more comprehensiveunderstanding of the lexical fossilization,this section will expound the definitions,classifications and previous studies on lexical fossilization at home and abroad.

2.1.1 Definitions of lexical fossilization

Different scholars have different interpretations of the definition of“fossilization”.Seinker(1972)believed that language fossilization refers to the statein which those language items,grammatical rules and language subsystem knowledgerelated to the TL in the interlanguage of foreign language learners tend to bestereotyped,independent of the learner’s age and the amount of TL learning.Vigil andOller(1976)argued that the correct form should include the fossilized form as well asthe so-called“error”.Tarone(1982)argued that any interlanguage will eventuallyfossilize at some stages because the final realization of interlanguage is inevitable.Han(1998)provided a new concept based on Selinker’s definition from a newperspective to summarize the characterization of internal and external properties of fossilization.Long(2003)discussed five difficulties arising from different definitionsof fossilization,namely testability,range,age of learners,units of analysis,andvariability.The definition of the term has been proceeding in a dynamic circuit,eventhe forerunner Selinker has given fossilization many versions(Selinker,1972;1978;1992;1996).

2.2 Metaphorical Competence and English Vocabulary Teaching

In the 1980s,cognitive linguists developed a systematic and matureinterpretation of the definitions,working mechanisms,and features of conceptualmetaphors.With the publication of Lakoff and Johnson’s Metaphor We Live By(1980),Chinese scholars began to realize the role of cognitive metaphors,then studies onconceptual metaphors and related metaphorical awareness and metaphoricalcompetence also flourished in China.The cultivation of metaphorical competence hasbeen explored by many scholars at home and abroad.Related research show that thecultivation of metaphorical competence has been applied in English vocabularyteaching,which can improve students’lexical ability and eliminate the lexicalfossilization to a certain extent.2.2.1 Definitions of metaphorical competence

American cognitive linguists Lakoff and Johnson(1980)introduced metaphorfrom a linguistic phenomenon to cognition and proposed the theory of conceptualmetaphor since 1980,cognitive metaphor has become one of the most important areasof social science research.Since the late 20th century,many researchers have studiedthe relationship between metaphorical competence and linguistic competence as afactor affecting the development of language competence.Metaphor has gained muchattention in foreign language teaching,but different linguists have different definitionsof metaphorical competence.

Chapter Three Theoretical Foundation ......................... 27

3.1 Interlanguage Theory ............................. 27

3.1.1 Origin of interlanguage ........................ 28

3.1.2 Characteristics of interlanguage ..................... 30 

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