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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-03-18编辑:lgg点击率:4661
论文字数:38400论文编号:org201308271034268837语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:$ 66
摘要:The deficiencies mentioned above indicate that learners can hardly improve theircomprehension without proper instruction. In short, learners have trouble improving theirlistening proficiency efficiently and some teachers and textbook writers fail to put thescholars' achievements into practice.
Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Definitions of listening comprehension
It is necessary to learn what listening and comprehension is before further discussion oflistening comprehension takes place.
2.1.1 Listening
Listening was not paid much attention until the 1970s. It is at that period of time thatmany scholars began to study what listening was.Thompson & Rubin define the listening process as "an active process in which listenersselect and interpret information that comes from auditory and visual clues in order to definewhat is going on and what the speakers are trying to express?” (Thompson & Rubin, 1996:331)It is obvious that the listening process is described from an information processingperspective in this definition.Rost (2005) describes listening as having a receptive, constructive, collaborative andtransformative orientation. According to this view, the listener receives what the speaker says,meanwhile, he goes through a process of constructing a meaning and transforms what is heardthrough personal involvement.These definitions indicate that listening is very active. As people listen, they process notonly what they hear but also connect it to other information they already know.Anderson and Lynch (1988) distinguish between Reciprocal Listening andNon-reciprocal Listening. Reciprocal Listening refers to listening tasks where there is theopportunity for the listener to interact with the speaker, and to negotiate the content of theinteraction. Thompson & Rubin call Reciprocal Listening as Interactive Listening, they pointout in Interactive Listening that one can "intervene by asking additional questions and seekingclarification, repetition or rephrasing." (Thompson & Rubin, 1996: 331) Non-reciprocalListening refers to tasks where the transfer information is in one direction only from thespeaker to the listener, such as listening to the radio or listening to a formal lecture. (Anderson& Lynch, 1988)
Chapter Three The Role of Schema in English.............20-25
3.1 Factors that influence listening comprehension........... 20-21
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