英语论文网

sp;'teachers  professional  development'  available  to  teachers  was  'staff development'  or  '  in-service  training'  which  was  the  type  of  training  teachers  with  new information on a particular aspect of their work. Only in the past few years has the professional development  of  teachers  been  considered  a  long-term  process  that  includes  regular opportunities  and  experiences  planned  systematically  to  promote  growth  and  development  in the  profession.  This  new  perspective  of  teachers  professional  development  has  several characteristics : 1）It is based on constructivism rather than on a 'transmission-oriented model'. As a consequence, teachers are treated as active learners (Mc Laughlin and Zarrow, 2001); 2) It is  perceived  as  a  long-term  process  as  it  acknowledges  the  fact  that  teachers  learn  over  time. Regular  follow-up  support  is  regarded  as  an  'indispensable  catalyst  of  the  change process'(Schifter, Russell, and Bastable, 1999, p.30). 3) It is perceived as a process that takes place  within  a  particular  context.  The  most  successful  teacher  development  opportunities  are 'on-the-job  learning'  activities  such  as  learning  community,  action  research  and  portfolios (Wood and Mc Quarrie,  1999). 4) Professional development is conceived of as a collaborative process  (Darling-Hammond  and  Mc Laughlin,  1995). 
..........

2.2 Teachers learning community 
The term “community” implies participation in an activity system about which participants share understandings concerning what they are doing and what that means in their lives  and  for  their  communities  (Lave  &Wenger,  l991  )．  In  higher  education,  the  term 'Teachers  Learning  community'  has  many  meanings.  Dufour and  Eaker(1998) expounded,  in teachers learning community, educators create an environment that 'fosters mutual cooperation, emotional  support,  and  personal  growth  as  they  work  together  to  achieve  what  they  cannot accomplish  alone'.   Baker  (1999:  99)  used  the  term  to  mean'  a  relatively  small  group  that may  include  students,  teachers,  administrators,  and  others  who  have  a  clear  sense  of membership,  common  goals,  and  opportunity  for  extensive  face-to-face  interaction'.  In learning  communities,  all  members  of  the  group  are  learners,  and  the  group  is  organized  to learn as a whole system. Hord (1997)noted，as all organizational arrangement，the PLC is seen as  a  powe本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。