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l transfer originates from the definition of transfer. Manydifferent definitions of transfer have been provided by many scholars. Among them,the definition proposed by Odlin is the most accepted one, Odlin(1989) defines theterm “transfer” as “the influence resulting from similarities and dissimilaritiesbetween the target language and any other language that has been previouslyacquired.” On the basis of this notion of transfer, cultural transfer is the influencewhich is caused by the similarities and differences between the target culture and anyother culture acquired in former times. Cultural transfer often happens when peoplefrom different culture apply their cultural systems and values to direct their behaviorsin the process of intercultural communication, and often use the similar culturalcriterion or values to judge the behaviors of others whose cultural backgrounds arequite different.Like pragmatic transfer, cultural transfer also can be classified into positive andnegative transfer. Positive cultural transfer happens when the similarities existbetween one’s own cultural criterion and that of the target culture; however, negativetransfer happens when the two kinds of criterion are different.
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2.2 Pragmatic Transfer
Pragmatic transfer happens when the language learnersput the relevant knowledge of their mother tongue or culture into the use andunderstanding of the target language directly. In other words, pragmatic transfer refersto the direct outcome of the influences that native language and culture exerted onforeign languageDifferent linguists have different opinions about the definition of “pragmatictransfer” due to the different angles toward the transfer issue. This term was firstproposed by Uriel Weinreich, referring to the interference of language rules. Wolfson(1989) calls it “the shift which is produced when communicating with speakers ofother languages using his own native language rule.” Odlin(1989:14) views pragmatictransfer as “transfer of conversational features or discourse transfer.” Beebe et al(1990:56) defines the term pragmatic transfer as “the transfer of social and culturalcompetence of target language in speech act and discourse of target language.”Takahashi (1996:1889) defines pragmatic transfer as “intercultural miscommunicationthat is often caused by learners’ appealing to their first language sociocultural normsand conventions in realizing speech acts in target language.”And the Chinese linguistLiu Shaozhong (1993:16) considers that “the definition should indicate therelationship among the learner’s native language, target language and interlanguage,with the transfer anchored in the linguistic output of learner’s interlanguage,originating from his native language, but different from the target language.”
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Chapter Three Research Methodology and Results....18
3.1 Research Methodology .....18
3.2 Results of the Questionnaire.........19
Chapter Four Main Reasons of Cultural Transfer ......21
4.1 Speech Act Theory......21
4.2 Analysis of Pragmatic Failure in Speech .....22
4.3 Pragmatic Failure in Different Cultural Aspects ........36
4.3.1 Differences in Value System......38
4.3.2 Differences in Mode of Thinking ....40
4.3.3 Differences in Nonverbal Communication........43
Chapter Five Suggestions for Avoiding Pragmatic Failure ....47
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