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re extraordinarily loyal to China. ‘Chinese nationalism demands that all Chinese unconditionally devote their full loyalty to the native Chinese culture’ (Fan, 2011:165), including the typical Chinese religious stance. It is a tradition in China to refer to the three belief systems; Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, according to their situations, for example, they refer to Confucianism for political advice, refer to Taoist gods for good luck, and refer to Buddhism for answers about the afterlife. The Chinese do not have a certain belief but look for guidance from different belief systems. Hence, the Chinese cannot only believe in Christianity nor Buddhism because it counts as an act of betraying Chinese culture. To put it simply, ‘one more Christian or Buddhist means one Chinese less.’ (Fan, 2011:165)

Image 1. A French cartoon showing how the Powers of the late 1890s (from left to right, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French Marianne and the Meiji Emperor of Japan) imagined they could divide the symbolic pie (i.e. China) between themselves, with Qing from China at the back waving his hands in a vain attempt to prevent them from doing so.]

As the image shows, in the past, China was a weak and powerless country. China began to gain power on 21 September 1949, when Mao declared the foundation of the People’s Republic of China and announced that ‘the Chinese people have stood up!’ (Hung, 2010:1) Although China has become an independent country, it was not the end of China’s painful modern history. Mao instigated the Great Leap Forward Policy, which aimed to modernize China through rapid industrialization, meaning to demolish the agricultural system. This resulted in nearly 45 million deaths from starvation. When Mao realised the failure of the Great Leap Forward Policy, he launched the Cultural Revolution, aiming to restore communism by removing capitalist. Mao linked his personal ideology with the Marxist-Leninist social theory that, ‘cultures are shaped by social classes that are determined primarily by socioeconomic conditions and the relation to economic production’ (Hung, 2010:6), without fully understanding what Marx argued. Marx himself argued that communism could not be put into practice until a country achieves the highest stage of development possible under capitalism, in other words, capitalism should not be totally abolished because equality among social classes will not happen until China has a well developed economic system including wage labour and property rights. Mao’s actions again, resulted in millions of innocent deaths. Places such as mosques and Buddhist temples were razed and many including monks and teachers were killed in factional struggles, at the hands of the Red Guard [4]. When Mao died in 1976, the Cultural Revolution came to an end. China began to experience positive growth in 1978 when Deng Xiaoping became the leader of the Communist Party of China. He released thousands of political prisoners, reopened all the universities and schools, opened China to foreign investment, and proposed the idea of ‘One country, Two systems’[5] where Hong Kong, Macau, and Tai Wan can be an indep本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。