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天里, 康伟业i飞到了北京, 赴他i千里之外的幽会… (池莉 <<来来往往>>) (15) 说到她i那不争气的儿子, 母亲i泪流满面. (16) 以手弗之i, 其印i自落. (<<梦溪笔谈.活板>>) The first two are cases for anaphor, while the rest, for cataphor. Obviously, both the two cataphoric pronouns are in the adcverbial clause, which, in the syntactic construction, do not c-command the lexical NPs in the principal clauses. Therefore, a first glance seems to indicate that the binding principles still hold as rules with Chinese. However, counter-examples arise, implying that a syntactic approach such as Chomsky’s GB theory is inadequate in explaining catophoric phenomena in Chinese. (17) 他的i母亲喜欢约翰j. (Hisi mother loved Johni/j.) While “his ” and “John” are likely to refer to the same individual, “他的” and “约翰” absolutely have different refrences, although the former does not c-command the latter. Similar disjoint refrence occurs with the following sentences, which are the Chinese translations of some previously cited examples: (2’) (当)他i参军时,约翰j和家人和好了. (5’) 他i一听到这个消息,约翰j就晕了过去. All this points to binding conditions as invalid with Chinese. Then, in what other ways are cataphoric refrences expressed in Chinese? The following sentences, as modified versions, provide some hints: (2”)φi参军时,约翰i和家人和好了 (5”)φi一听到这个消息,约翰i就晕了过去. As are implied by these examples, in the places that are filled by cataphoric pronouns in English, Chinese relies on an empty to refer forward to the lexical NP. The empty, named zero cataphor and symbolized as “φ”, is widely used in both classical and modern Chinese. ¶ (18) 七月φi在野,八月φi在宇,九月φi在户,十月蟋蟀i入我床下. (<<诗. 豳风. 七月>>) (19) φi夜闻汉军四面皆楚歌,项王i乃大惊曰: “汉皆已得楚乎? 是何楚人之多也!” (<<史记.项羽本纪>>) (20) φi因拉惯了车,祥子i很有些辨别方向的能力. (老舍<<骆驼祥子>>) (21) φi把虎妞的话从头到尾想了一遍,,他i觉得像掉在个陷阱里. (Abid) Therefore, two conclusions can be drawn: A. Chomsky’s binding pricinple C, while valid in English, does not hold as a rule of grammar with repect to Chinese; B. Although there are some rare cases of cataphoric pronouns in Chinese, more often than not, zero cataphors are used to ensure a co-refrential reading. In the same places, English may have optional forms, either pronouns or zero-cataphors.1[2] 2.2.2. NP tags in oral Chinese Like English, Chinese also has NP tags in some informal circumstances. (22) 他坐下后继续和戈玲胡扯: “他i是干嘛的----你那位i?” (<<编辑部的故事>>) Sentences like this can be traced to the same causation as English ones. That is, to highlight what is more important, “theme” of the information structure is reserved in the end, while “rheme” moves to the initial position. Also like in English, the pronoun in the initial part of the sentence serves as a grammaticlized cataphor. As the word “grammaticalized” itself implies, the pronoun here has not only its cataphoric function, but also serves as an element to make the whole sentence well formed. Therefore, here arises an important difference between English and Chinese, that is, while the grammaticalized cataphor is essential in English sentences, it is not in Chinese, in which an empty often takes its place. (23) Фi酸不酸，这梨i？ (24) Фi找着了嘛，你的书i？ (25) Фi干嘛呢，前面那伙人i？ Apart from these examples that are correspondent to English ones analyzed in the preceding parts, there are further examples in Chinese in which the interpretation of refrence is strongly context-dependent. 他i老王i可是个好人哪！他i又在干这小子i应该干的事． Mainly involving pragmatic factors, such cases will not be covered i