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;“a  Speaker  S  disagrees  when  s/he  considers  untrue  some  Proposition  P uttered  or  presumed  to  be  espoused  by  an  Addressee  A  and  reacts  with  an  utterance  the propositional content or implicature of which is Not P.”   The above definitions give hints that, when people are trying to disagree with something, there exist certain opinions which the speaker can disagree with. They could be termed as the presumed  opinions  in  the  context.  And  they  are  the  presuppositions  of  disagreement  speech act.  In  this  thesis,  the  disagreement  speech  act  is  defined  as  the  speaker’s  expression  of disagreement with the presumed opinions.  

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2.2.Overall studies of disagreement 
Disagreement is widely studied from cross-cultural perspective. Wu (2006) investigates how Chinese English as a foreign language learners (EFL) use politeness strategies to express disagreement  in  English.  She  studies  Chinese  EFL  learners’  application  of  five  politeness strategies,  direct,  negative  politeness,  positive  politeness,  hinting  and  avoidance.  Then  the study  concludes  that  Chinese  EFL  learners  tend  to  express  disagreement  more  directly  than native  English  speakers.  Samar  (2013)  uses  the  context-specific  approach  to  investigate Iranian  speaker’s  strategies  to  express  disagreement.  The  research  finds  out  that  like  the disagreement  in  English,  disagreement  is  also  multidirectional  and  complex  in  Iranian. Pani?-Kavgi?  (2013)  discusses  the  patterns  of  disagreement  in  American  and  Serbian  films.The patterns to express disagreement and mitigating strategies in American and Serbian films are compared in the study. Research maintains that Brown & Levinson (1987)’s face theory is applicable  in  Serbian.  Pattrawut  (2014)  compares  the  similarities  and  differences  on  how  to express disagreement between native speakers of Thai and English and finds that Thai is more softened when express disagreement.  Different contextual backgrounds affect disagreement expression deeply. Graham (2007) establishes  research  in  a  computer-mediated  community  and  finds  different  norms  and features of disagreement in the on-line circumstances. In e-community, disagreement is more directly  expressed  and  the  communication  often  ends  in  conflictions.  Yang  (2008)  uses  five TV  series  to  investigate  how  to  say  “No”  in  Chinese  and  the  paper  hints  that  refusal  and disagreement  are  perfo本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。