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, they will not work as well . They will be less productive.这个语段中作者用了逻辑连接词one effect , another effect , as a result , 表达了因果的语义关系 ,使读者清楚地明白了由于公司实施一天工作 10 小时 ,一周工作 4 日的新的计划 ,导致了两个结果:一个是工人们感到高兴 ,因为他们可以有更多的时间去休闲或去购物;另一个是工人们的工作效率降低 ,因为一天工作的时间太长 ,容易疲倦。
     6. 步骤顺序型语段(Process Pat tern)
    作者在描述实验操作步骤时 ,往往用表示步骤顺序的逻辑连接词。例如:Ray studied the effects of f rustration on problem solving. First he gave subjects a number problem that had no solu2tion. Then he gave them a very easy number problem. He found that subjects could not solve an easy problem if it followedan impossible one. Ray concluded that after people fail , it is more difficult for them to solve problems.这个语段中作者用了表示步骤顺序的逻辑连接词first , then ,使读者清楚地理解了 Ray做实验的操作步骤。
    7. 空间位置型语段(Space Pat tern)
    作者在描述建筑物结构时 ,往往用表示空间位置语义关系的逻辑连接词。例如:The Johnson Wax Company Laboratory is a 142story glass tower. The tower is rectangular with curved corners. Thetower has a central column. Inside the central column there is an elevator , stairs , and pipes. Only this structural coretouches the ground. The rest of the tower is above the ground. The floors of the laboratory are built around the central col2umn. There are alternating large square floors and smaller circular ones. Perhaps the most interesting view of the laborato2ry is seen when the sun is behind the tower. Then the outline of the circular floors shows through the glass.这个语段中作者用了逻辑连接词 inside , above , around , behind ,表达了空间位置的语义关系。读者根据这一语义关系 ,便能很快理解 “The Johnson Wax Company Laboratory” 实验室的建筑结构。
     8. 混合型语段(Mixed Pat terns)
     作者为了更清楚地表达思想 ,往往用表示不同语义关系的逻辑连接词构成混合型语义关系语段。例如:(1) The population of the world is far greater today than ever before. (2) People has not expanded at a steady rate ,however. (3) For example , in A. D. 476 —when Roman control over Europe and the Mediterranean region ended—therewere about 200 million people on Earth. (4) By the year 1700 , over 12 centuries later , Earthp s population had increased 3times , to about 600 million. (5) Yet , since the start of the Industrial Revolution—less than 3 centuries ago —the worldp spopulation has grown about 9 times. (6) Today , there are over 5 billion people in the world , an increase of over 4. 4 billionsince 1700.这个语段中作者用了逻辑连接词 “however”,表达了句子(1)和句子(2)之间是转折语义关系; “for exam2ple” 表达了句子(2)和其余句子之间是例证的语义关系; “in A. D. 476 , by the year 1700”, “ since thestart of the Indust rial Revolution” 和 “today” 表达了句子(3)至句子(6)之间是时间顺序的语义关系。这个语段中包含了转折关系、例证关系和时间顺序关系。但是 ,这是一个以时间顺序语义关系为主的混合型语段。读者根据时间顺序的语义关系 ,便能很快理解人口在不同时期的不稳定增长。

     三.逻辑连接词在语篇理解过程中的重要作用

     英语的语篇(text) , 通常是由句子和语段(sentence group)构成的。逻辑连接词可连接语篇内语段与语段之间的语义关系并形成一种主要的语义关系模式。读者能理解各语段之间的逻辑连接词及其语义关系 ,那么也就容易理解语篇的整体语义。例如:(1) Most people who have typewriters and can type well , prefer to type their let ters nowadays. (2) There was a feel2ing a generation ago that typewriting was not quite proper in social correspondence , but , in the United States at least , theprejudice against typewriting much social correspondence has disappeared. (3) Many people , as a mat ter of fact , preferthat let ters writ ten to them be prepared on the typewriter , since it makes them easier to read. II (4) On the other hand ,the objections to the typewriter are that it is less personal and that it suggests that the writer was in too much of a hurry tosit down and write in longhand. (5) O