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英语中的模糊限制语与合作原则          

作为模糊语言家族的重要成员，模糊限制语一直都是语言学家们颇感兴趣的研究对象。模糊限制语在各种文体中都普遍存在，并且在日常交际中起着非常重要的作用。纵观已有文献发现，随着语用学和语篇分析法的发展，越来越多学者把对模糊限制语的研究由语义层面发展到语用层面，基于多种语篇类型对模糊限制语的研究也层出不穷。然而笔者发现基于政治语篇的模糊限制语的研究非常少见。

This paper chooses the remarkable American presidential debates in 2008(total 42,809 words)as the corpus to discuss the usage of hedges in political discourse with the quantitative and qualitative methods.     

Introduction
Fuzziness is one of the most important features of natural languages.This language phenomenon is present in a great deal of language use.But the research on it was just initiated by Professor Zadeh in 1965.He proposes the fuzzy set theory,which is capable of dealing with degrees of set membership.According to his fuzzy set theory,some set members can not be included or excluded totally in a set,but belong to a set to a certain degree.The study of fuzziness has laid a foundation for the later study of hedges.As an important member of fuzzy language,hedge has received a lot of attention from the scholars since this kind of language phenomenon was discovered.
In the early 1970s,Lakoff put forward“hedges”in his thesis Hedges：a study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts.He considers hedges as one means to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy and lists dozens of typical hedges in his thesis.On the basis of Zadeh’s and Lakoff’s studies on fuzzy language and hedges,Wu Tieping started to research into this linguistic phenomenon in the late 1970s as the first scholar in this field in China.
Over the last four decades,hedges have become a topic of wide discussion abroad and at home.The perspectives and approaches to study hedges have gradually become more diverse.The earliest concern on hedges is merely confined to the semantic approach.
The subsequent studies,however,are becoming much more multi-faceted.Since the 1980s, the focus of the research on hedges has been shifted from semantic approach to pragmatics,discourse analysis,rhetoric,cognitive linguistics and so on.The genre-based frameworks of hedges are studied in many different contexts and discourses(Rounds,1982; Salager-Meyer,1994;Hyland,1998).Researches conducted in this area are based on the assumption that hedges are dependent on the text types in which they occur and thus require a contextual interpretation.Following such a tradition,the present paper will analyze hedges that occur in the 2008 American presidential debates and try to explore the corresponding pragmatic functions of the hedges within the framework of Cooperative Principle.

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