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. From the beginning of the 1970s, “cultural turn” appeared in western translation studies. Ways of modern translation  studies  have  shifted  gradually  from  concerning  the  traditional  principles and  techniques  of  translation  to  regarding  translation  as  cultural  phenomena.  (Zhu Zhiyu, 2002: 43) An upsurge of studies and researches on translator's subjectivity are setting  off  all  over  the  world  from  various  perspectives  including  Receptive Aesthetics,  Feminism,  Deconstructionism,  Polysystem  Theory.  To  the  target  culture Polysystem  (Zohar,  Tury)  provides  a  theoretical  framework,  and  School  of Manipulation  (Andre  Lefevere,  Susan  Bassnett)  holds  that  the  translation  is  cultural rewriting,  that  is,  manipulation.  All  these  theories  have  expanded  scholars'  horizon and  shed  light  on  the  study  of  translator's  subjectivity.  Susan  Bassnett  and  Andre Lefevere  for  the  first  time  formally  proposed  the  cultural  issues  about  translation studies  in  their  co-work  book  Translation,  History  and  Culture.  Translation  studies began  to  get  rid  of  the  binary  contraction  between  original  text  and  translated  text which  is  closed,  static  and  turn  to  discuss  the  factors  that  influence  the  whole translation  process  from  the  aspect  of  context,  history  and  culture  and  other macro-dynamic situation. (Sun Zhili, 2003: 121) it is apparent that translation studies experience a transformation from noumenon to subject, from sole-level to multi-level. That drives the study of subject of translation—translator to an indispensable status.  
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Chapter Two Literature Review  

The  appearance  of  translator's  subjectivity  in  China  firstly  is  influenced  by contemporary  western  translation  studies.  With  the  development  of  “the  pragmatic turn”  in  western  philosophy  in  1970s  and  the  appearance  of  “the  cultural  turn”  in 1990s,  the  horizon  of  translation  study  was  expanded.  The  studies  of  translation subjectivity  attracted  a  great  of  attentions  from  western  scholars  and  “translation studies  gradually  experienced  a  change  of  ‘language  --  culture  –  human’,  and completed  a  leap  from  noumenon  to  subject,  from  single  level  to  pluralistic  level.” (Yuan  Li,  2003:75)  In  th本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。