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rtant concepts, firstly, communicative translation  (or  communicative  approach)  refers  to  treating  translation  as  any  kind  of translation  method  or  way  of  “the  communication  process  taking  place  in  a  social situation”  (Hatim  &  Mason,  1990).  Although,  to  some  extent,  all  translation approaches  regard  translation  as  communication,  however,  the  “communicative translation” here is fully guided by target language readers or receivers. The  translators  who  deal  with  original  text  in  this  way  are  intended  to  convey information rather than copy language units, what they care about is how to retain the functions of original text and how to make effect on new readers. The different point of communicative  translation  compared  with  sentence-by-sentence  translation  and  literal translation is that it regards the form of wording and phrasing of the original text just as some factors the translators need to consider. 

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2.2 Translation methods
There are a lot of translation methods, for example, literal translation, liberal translation,  sentence  transformation,  sentence  division  or  combination,  conversion, translation methods of adding and omitting and so on. In this part, I mainly introduce the  method  of  liter  translation,  liberal  translation,  conversion,  adding  and  omitting which usually used in this translation practice. Actually, the definition of literal translation is not very clear both in English and  Chinese.  It  means  it  can  be  either  word-for-word  translation  or sentence-for-sentence  translation.  As  a  translation  strategy,  literal  translation  usually used  in  the  following  translation  areas:  (1)  in  the  area  of  translating  technological materials;  (20)  in  the  area  of  English  Teaching,  it  can  make  students  realize  the differences  between  the  structures  of  two  languages;  (3)  it  is  also  used  in  literature translation. Nabokov is an expert of literal translation in literature translation, in his opinion, “only literal translation is the real translation” (Shuttleworth&Cowie 1997: 96).  Free translation possess following characteristics: (1) guided by target language;  (2) Using normative language of target language to express the meaning of the original text; (3) Paying attention to the fluency of the translated text but do not always reserve the  structure  and  rhetorical  means  of  the  original  text.  (Shuttleworth&Cowie 1997:62-63) Nowadays  it  is  widely  believed  that  both  literal  translation  and  free  translation have  advantages  and  disadvantages,  本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。