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and  free  translation  and  literal  translation  would not  form  binary  opposition,  because  translation  strategy  is  not  changeless.  The  most appropriate way is according to different text types, translation purpose and readers to set different translation strategies. Literal translation and free translation are two of the most  basic  methods  in  the  representation  stage  of  translation  process.  As  the  scholar Zhang Peiji said, “different languages have their own characteristics and forms, in the aspects of vocabulary, grammar, idioms and so on, they have both common points and differences. As a result of it, it is necessary to adopt different means in the process of translating,  free  translation  or  literal  translation,  translators  should  choose  a  flexible way”(1980: 14-15). 
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Chapter 2 Translation strategies and methods .......... 10 
2.1 Translation strategies ............ 11 
2.1.1 Communicative translation and semantic translation .......... 11 
2.1.2 Domesticating translation and foreignizing translation ....... 12 
2.2 Translation methods .... 14 
2.2.1 Conversion ............ 16 
2.2.2 Addition and omission ............ 18 
2.2.3 Translation methods on word and sentence ....... 20
Chapter 3 Translation difficulties............ 22 
3.1 Word level .......... 22 
3.2 Sentence level ..... 26 

Chapter 3 Translation difficulties 

In this chapter, the translation difficulties and methods will be discussed in detail on word level and sentence level. In  my  translation  process,  I  meet  a  lot  of  difficulties,  because  different  culture background  between  Chinese  and  English,  I  need  to  get  a  deep  understanding  of  the source text, and pay more attention to some sentences or even words.  As what mentioned in introduction part, I select Chapter 9 (working with a course book)  and  Chapter  10  (teaching  aids  and  materials)  of  the  book  “Success  in  English Teaching”  to  translate  with  what  I  have  learnt  during  my  postgraduate  studies  and  in the  process  of  translating,  I  have  obtained  some  lessons  for  future  translation  tasks from translation work of these two chapters. Reviewing  my  translation  text,  many  translation  issues  and  problems  are identified  and  these  are  cited  in  following  discussion  on  word  level,  phase  level  and sentence  level.  The  examples  selected  are  to  illustrate  types  of  mistakes  which translators often make and in this part, I give some advices for correcting mistakes and what measures should be taken to prevent oneself from committing such mistakes. 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。