英语论文网

经济合作与发展组织为促进经济发展和社会福利，把外援定义为资金的流动、技术援助和国家间的商品流通。 [1]援助可以作为授予或贴息贷款。援助三种常见的类型是人道主义或紧急援助，慈善根基和系统援助。基于慈善的援助也是由非营利（非政府组织）的慈善组织提供援助的机构所提供，或通过机构和有系统的援助直接支付给政府，也就是通过政府转移支付的援助（这被称为双侧转移），其被称为多边传输。

该研究论文的重点在于探索外援的简史和援助的动机。此外，本文还将研究在一些非洲国家，例如博茨瓦纳，马歇尔计划援助是怎样起作用的。本文还将重点研究对非洲援助的无效，以及对欧洲数十亿美元的援助没有达到目的。

Effects Of Aid On The African Economy Economics Essay

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines foreign aid as financial flows, technical assistance, and commodities that are transferred from one country to another in order to promote economic development and welfare. [1] Aid can be provided as either grants or subsidized loans. Three common types of aid are humanitarian or emergency aid, charity-based, and systematic aid. Humanitarian or emergency aid is the act of rendering help during periods of disaster and calamity. Charity based aid is aid given by charitable organizations otherwise known as Non-Profit Organisations (NGOs) to institutions or people on the ground, and systematic aid is the aid given as direct payments to governments either through government transfers (which is termed bilateral transfer) or through institutions (which is termed multilateral transfer). [2]

The focus of this research paper is to explore a brief history of foreign aid and the motives of aid assistance. The paper will also look into how aid has been effective in some countries with specific references to the Marshall plan used by European countries as well as Botswana and other African countries. Furthermore, the paper will focus on the ineffectiveness of aid in Africa and why there has being slow growth despite the billions of dollars in aid sent to Africa. The research paper will conclude with a summary of the possible ways of improving and sustaining economic growth in Africa without total dependence on foreign aid.

History of aid

Foreign aid started in the 19th century when the United States transferred food surpluses to new developing markets in Europe. This foreign assistance gave rise to the launch of the Agricultural Adjustment Act for shipment outside of emergency situations. In the aftermath of World War II, aid was used primarily to help rebuild the economies of Western Europe and to help contain Soviet expansion. In 1945, the United States as well as other countries established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (which is part of the World Bank Group) as the two main multilateral institutions that would help with debt relief and economic development. Five years later, the institutions began by giving loans for reconstruction. This marked aid assistance, as the first to be given to a developing nation. [3]

Subsequently, the Marshall Plan was announced in June 1947 by General George C. Marshall, the then United States Secretary of State. The plan sought to provide funds for rebuilding the countries in Europe that were devastated by the war. With foreign aid, the United States helped in rebuilding other countries and contained the Soviet expansion in the 1950s. They attained hegemony over other donors since aid accounted for two-thirds of aid supply during that decade. The intensity of the cold war gave United States aid a strong strategic orientation which it has retained until this date. [4]

In 1950, the Un