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我想我陈述的重点应放在孟加拉国格莱珉银行的一份报告上。孟加拉国族长文化认为那里的妇女被认为不如男性，并且在就业方面限制她们。她们唯一的收入来源是自我就业，她们所面临的困难在于获得个人贷款方案。孟加拉国的劳动力一直以每年2.4％增长，而农业，工业和服务业只能容纳劳动力的年均增长是1.7％。由于技术上的限制，农业部门提供78％的就业机会是饱和的，有限的。现代城市部门太小不够来容纳更多的劳动力，为减轻贫困和促进经济增长（世界1997行），在非正规部门通过自谋职业提高生产力收入和提高人力资本是唯一可行的方法。孟加拉国的贫困主要是因为没有土地，高失业率，低识字率，高人口增长率。

Basic Operational Features Of Grameen Bank Economics Essay

I will like to focus my report on Grameen bank in Bangladesh. The patriarch culture in Bangladesh where women are treated as inferior to men restricts them from seeking wage employment. Their only source of income is self employment and they face difficulty in accessing individual lending programs. The labour force has been growing by 2.4% a year, while the agricultural, industrial and service sector can only accommodate 1.7% annual growth of the labour force. The agricultural sector which provides 78% of employment is saturated and limited due to technical constraints. The modern urban sector is too small to absorb additional labour, increasing productivity and income through self employment in the informal sector and improving human capital are the only viable ways to alleviate poverty and promote economic growth (World Bank 1997). The poverty in Bangladesh is mainly as a result of landlessness, high unemployment, low literacy and high population growth. The main determinants of social class in the rural areas are land ownership and command of financial resources.

The Grameen bank was formally established in 1983 by Dr Muhammad Yunus, a professor in economics at the Chittagong University in Bangladesh, who instead of teaching economics decided to do something practical about it. Based on the philosophy that everyone has the right to credit, but the poor are excluded from conventional banking system.

2 BASIC OPERATIONAL FEATURES OF THE GRAMEEN BANK

Lending is mainly directed towards rural poor women (97% of membership are women) with a maximum landholding of half an acre of land because the average farm size in Bangladesh is 2.4 acres (1984 figures) or non land owners. Only one member is allowed per household. These women are grouped into cells of five and they take collective responsibility for each others’ loan (no joint liability). This helps to substitute physical collateral with social collateral as it eliminates information asymmetry. These groups are separated according to gender, 5 to 8 groups come together to form a centre known as Kendros (between 25 to 40 women) organised by the bank’s staff. Weekly meetings are held at these centres where members of each groups attend to pay their weekly loan instalments, learn, practice, and discuss the rules of the program and other group activities.

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