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using Development and Infrastructure Limited); Bengal Ambuja Housing Project.

Jailorwala Bagh slum project in Delhi.

Karjat Tenement Scheme, Mumbai

Mathadi Kamgar Simplex Complex, Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai

Challenges in PPP in India [5] :-

Regulatory environment: There is no independent PPP regulator in India currently. In order to attract more domestic and international private funding, a more robust regulatory environment, with an independent regulator, is essential.

Lack of information: The PPP program lacks a comprehensive database regarding the projects/studies to be awarded under PPP. An online data base, consisting of all the project documents including feasibility reports, concession agreements and status of various clearances and land acquisitions will be helpful to all bidders.

Project development: The project development activities such as, detailed feasibility study, land acquisition, environmental/forest clearances etc., are not given adequate importance by the concessioning authorities. The absence of adequate project development by authorities leads to reduced interest by the private sector, mispricing and many times delays at the time of execution.

Lack of institutional capacity: The limited institutional capacity to undertake large and complex projects at various Central ministries and especially at state and local bodies’ level hinder the translation of targets into projects.

Financing availability: The private sector is dependent upon commercial banks to raise debt for the PPP projects. With commercial banks reaching the sectoral exposure limits, and large Indian Infrastructure companies being highly leveraged, funding the PPP projects is getting difficult.

DATA COLLECTION

Methodology:-

The primary objective of the study is to identify the challenges faced in providing affordable housing to urban poor. Large amount of unorganized development has taken place due to improper government policies and rising land and construction costs. A PPP model can be looked out as a feasible option for providing affordable housing to the urban poor. Hence the present study aims to investigate the potentialities of a PPP model for providing affordable housing to urban poor by figuring out the various factors responsible for it.

Study Framework:-

Fig. 7: Study Framework

Interview with Project Participants:-

Interviews were conducted with various experts and some of the respondents of the questionnaire. Interviews were used as a means of collecting qualitative data that are responsible to investigate the potentialities of a model.

Interview Structure:-

The interviewees were asked to express their views on the effectiveness of a PPP model for affordable housing. The interviewees were then asked to express their views about affordable housing and would PPP model be the need of the hour for an organized development of the city.

Responses of Interviewees:-

The quotations of the developers, planners are listed down as under

Table 11: Affordability Classification according to developers, planners and government

Parameter

EWS

LIG

MIG

Size

Upto 300 sq