摘要:本文是一篇研究印度住房经济的留学生PPP关系分析论文,研究了在艾哈迈达巴德市的城市贫民,在市场力量与低收入人的需求之间的实现一种平衡的经济适用住房的 PPP 模式的潜力。
rt and State Share
50% of basic civic and social infrastructure would be taken up by centre and 90% for some specific states.
State should look out that the EMI burden on the people should not be more than 25% of their monthly household income.
PPP models can be used innovatively to generate resources or to cross subsidize slum housing through land use concessions, etc to the private industry partners, and use of the central share as viability gap funding.
The scheme of Affordable Housing in Partnership will be dovetailed with RAY and central support will provided at the rate of Rs 50,000 per unit of affordable dwelling unit or 25% of the cost of civic infrastructure (external and internal), whichever is lower.
PPP in Affordable Housing:-
Affordable Housing and low-cost housing are often interchangeably used, but are quite different from each other. Low-cost housing is generally meant for EWS category and comprises bare minimum housing facilities while affordable housing is mostly meant for LIG and MIG and includes basic amenities like schools, hospitals and other community facilities and services.
Affordable housing is a combination of the following three elements;
Affordable Land and infrastructure
Affordable building design, technology, materials and labour etc.
Affordable housing finance
NUHHP, 2007 defined affordability as shown in the table:
Table 8: Comparison between Low-Cost Housing and Affordable Housing
Parameters
Low-Cost Housing
Affordable Housing
Amenities
Bare minimum to none
Basic
Target Income Class
EWS & LIG
LIG & MIG
Size of Dwelling Unit
<= 300 sq.ft
300-1200 sq.ft
Location
Generally within city but can be located on the city peripheries due to high cost of land
Within city
Project Developer
Mostly government agencies
Private Developers and government
Mostly available source of finance
Micro finance institutions
Traditional Banking System
EMI to Monthly Income
Not exceeding 30 percent of gross monthly income
Not exceeding 40 percent of gross monthly income
Source: KPMG Analysis, Knight Frank
Table 9: Affordability Classification
Parameter
EWS
LIG
MIG
Size
Upto 300 sq ft carpet area
300-600 sq ft carpet area
600-1200 sq ft carpet area
Income
< INR 1.5 lacs per annum
INR 1.5 to 3 lacs per annum
INR 3 to 10 lacs per annum
Cost
Not exceeding 4 times household gross annual income
Not exceeding 4 times household gross annual income
Not exceeding 5 times household gross annual income
EMI/Rent
Not exceeding 30% of gross monthly income
Not exceeding 30% of gross monthly income
Not exceeding 40% of gross monthly income
Source: NUHHP
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