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ass='MsoNormal' align='left'> The higher energy efficiency means that much work is done with less fuel (energy) consumption. There are three areas of options to improve energy efficiency (Second IMO GHG Study, 2009). The first category is concept, design speed and capability. For instance, principal dimensions and speed can affect fuel economy of a ship. The second category is hull and superstructure. For example, optimized hull and superstructure form can reduce fuel consumption by lowering wave making and air resistance. The last category is power and propulsion systems. If a ship propelled with only winds or fuel cells, CO2 emission could be minimized or zero.

更高的能源效率意味着做更多的工作，花更少的燃料（能源）消耗。有三个方面的选择来提高能源效率（Second IMO GHG Study，2009）。第一类是概念、设计的速度和能力。例如，主要尺寸和速度会影响船舶的燃油经济性。第二类是船体和上层建筑。例如，优化的船体和上层建筑形式可以通过降低兴波和空气阻力，减少燃料消耗。最后一类是动力和推进系统。如果只有风或燃料电池驱动的船，二氧化碳排放量可以最小化或为零。

Conclusively, there are various ways to improve energy efficiency and technology can be a critical role to reduce GHG emission. Therefore, the future competitiveness of a shipbuilder can be deeply related to the EEDI and how to improve energy efficiency of new building ships could be a major role for shipyards to win competitions.

总的来说，有各种不同的方法来提高能源效率，技术对减少温室气体排放起关键作用。因此，一个造船企业的未来竞争力与EEDI密切相关，如何提高新建造的船舶的能源效率是船厂赢得竞争的关键因素。

Major R&D programs of competitors for reducing GHG emissions

竞争对手在减少温室气体排放上的主要研发项目

Major countries have challenged for reducing GHG emissions by investing various R&D programs. Most of them are aiming at improvement of energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions as well. Many of them are conducted by consortiums and supported by governments also.

主要国家通过投资各种研究项目以挑战减少温室气体排放量。研究中的大多数是针对提高能源效率和减少温室气体排放量。他们中许多人是由财团和政府资助也。

The Danish maritime community organized the “Green Ship of the Future” program for the purpose of exploring, developing and demonstrating technical solutions for reducing SOx, NOx and CO2. There are three research groups; novel ship design, onboard system/system integration, alternative fuels. Most participants are more than 40 Danish affiliated companies or maritime research institutions. Most of them are not just shipbuilder but marine equipment manufacturers. The prototype research result was published for a bulk carrier and a container ship (Green Ship, 2012).

丹麦海事社区举办了“绿色船舶的未来”项目，目的是探索、开发和演示降低SOx，NOx和CO2的技术解决方案。有三个研究组；新型船舶设计，车载系统/系统集成，替代燃料。大多数与会者是超过40家的丹麦相关公司或海洋研究机构。他们中的大多数都不是造船海洋设备制造商。针对散货船和集装箱船发表了的原型研究结果（Green Ship，2012）。

On the other hand, there are some R&D programs for eco-friendly shipbuilding from the perspective view of ship’s lifelong period. Those kinds of projects stimulate recycling through adopting renewable materials at the design stage. TRESHIP (Technologies for Reduced Environmental Imp本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。