Economics Essay-锁定效应及其成因 [4]
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论文字数:3139论文编号:org201511022008142151语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:The Lock In Effect锁定效应技术变革
摘要:本文旨在解释锁定效应,首先描述锁定的概念,用理论知识来解释这一概念,随后列举了著名的锁定案例开进行解释分析,并讨论其主要原因。
more unsafe. Nonetheless it prevails thanks to lower cost of petrol who at that time was only a waste of kerosene and it was cheap and easy to find. It conquer the market thanks to his initial superiority on others technologies: it has more power than steam engine and it won in a race of prototypes built up to compare the technologies. Ones the internal combustion engine got enough market share it entered in a period of increasing returns in which networks and advantages of the technology increased and lock-in the world on the internal combustion power and in consequence on fossil fuels.
The other reason to the advent of fossil fuels was the diffusion of the AC standard for the distribution of electricity because it bring to the building of big power station fed with fossil fuels. The first electric standard used was the DC standard sponsored by Edison, the rival standards was the AC sponsored by the 'Westinghouse' electrical company. Both technology had pro and cons. DC had less loss during transportation but it had a limit of distance of 2 km. it has been thought to be used with local stations even build inside houses. AC instead was less efficient but permitted transportation for long distances. Edison tried to prove that AC was much more dangerous than DC and build up the electric chair powered by AC, but it instead was a success as 'dead machine' and it was adopted in many of the United States, giving to the AC standard lot of advertisement and popularity. In the end The AC standard won and thanks to its characteristics lead to the development of a network of big centralized power station that used a huge quantity of fossil fuels.
This two episodes are the main responsible for the fossil fuel diffusion and for the development of networks of subsidiary technology who locked the world to the use of oil and derivatives. The most important point in this case is the presence of path dependences that influenced the initial choice. Then we can find the influences of networks externalities and increasing returns.
Betamax and VHS
Competition between Betamax and Vhs (Park 2004) in the market of VCR was one of the most interesting example of Lock-in model. This two different technology of home video was discovered and developed by Sony and Matsushita Corporation. In 1976 Sony introduced Betamax format for American VCR market, in 1977 Matsushita launched VHS model on the same market. An important point was that this two format was incompatible. American VCR market evolution can be divided in two different phases. First one (1976-1980) where VHS reach immediately a huge part of the market (Betamax sold 140.000 VCR in a year, instead VHS over 80.000 in only 5 month in 1977). In this case the consumer prefer the better usability of VHS format and his additional time available for recording (over two hour that was necessary to record movies, TV shows and sport events), instead the better quality who characterized the Betamax format. Then in 1978 VHS outsold Betamax, after that both companies tried to increasing the time of recording and also to move the competition on the field of reduction of price and of increasing the performance of recording supports. Second phase (1981-1988) is characterized by the
constitutions of joint venture between firms to support one or the other format. For example RCA form an alliance with Magnetic Video Corporation of America (MV), at the same time (1979) Sony co
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