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and have become pressing concerns in international trade. Ten years after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round, with the exception of prominent and widely applied NTBs such as antidumping and countervailing measures, there has been a sevenfold increase in Government mandated testing and certification requirements.? Although it is difficult to give a precise estimate of the impact on international trade of the need to comply with different foreign technical regulations and standards, it certainly entails significant costs for producers and exporters. In general, these costs arise from the translation of foreign regulations, the hiring of technical experts to explain foreign regulations and adjustments to production facilities to comply with the requirements. In addition, there is a need to prove that exported products meet foreign regulations.

 

Key NTBs of concern to developing countries can be summarized as follows:

In their access and entry to developed countries’ markets, technical measures and price control measures are the most typical concerns for developing countries.

 

A complex price band system wherein a minimum import price (well above the international price and domestic prices) is stipulated. On account of a WTO dispute decision, this band would be lowered by 2% every year from 2008 to 2014 after which a Presidential review would be undertaken.

 

China

 

Agricultural products

 

Opacity of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and delays in giving clearances

 

Colombia

 

Pharmaceuticals

 

The registration by Colombian Drugs  Control and Certification  takes 11 to 12 months, inspections are undertaken for environmental compliance and a 10% price preference is granted  for  French pharmaceutical companies under a bilateral agreement.

 

European Communities

 

Bovine meat

 

Standards are more stringent than OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) Terrestrial  Animal Health Code,  a ban is maintained on account of  Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and prolonged delay in upgradation of India’s status to GBR1 (No risk of BSE)

 

European Communities

 

Marine products

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