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nglish learners are sporadic inChina. There is still a large scope for some unresolved issues and uninvestigated questionsneeded to be explored. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the experiment to check theeffects on the lexical access of the English second language learners caused by the lexicalfactors, that is，neighborhood density, neighborhood frequency and orthographic andphonological neighborhood density,

Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 The definition of the key terms
In this essay，five key terms are presented here. These five key terms are so importantconcepts in the second language acquisition that many researchers* attention have beenturned to them. The five terms, namely, neighborhoods, neighborhood density，phonological neighborhoods, orthographic neighborhoods and neighborhood frequency,penetrate the whole essay, which are also the principal clues of this essay.

2.1.1 Neighborhoods
There are many definitions of neighborhoods. As defined by Coltheart (1977), aword's neighborhoods are the words that result when one letter is changed but letterposition remains constant. Neighborhoods are words that differ from one another by a singlephoneme addition, deletion, or substitution in any position ( Luce, 1986). Lipinski andGupta (2005) defined neighborhoods in this way: the lexical neighborhood of a given wordform may be known as the set of known words that lie within a specified distance of theword form, on some metric of similarity. This definition just gives us a roughunderstanding of neighborhoods. But what the specified distance really is remainsunspecified.These three definitions share the same point that there is only one letter or onephoneme differing from the target word, but they also have certain disagreement thatColtheart believe neighborhoods are of orthographic changes, while Luce think it is achange of a single phoneme. Therefore, neighborhoods can be summarized as words thatdiffer from one another by a single phoneme or a letter addition，deletion, or substitution inany position. Therefore, orthographic and phonological neighborhoods emerge as timepassed by.

Chapter Three The Research Design......... 26-42
    3.1 Research questions......... 26
    3.2 Pre-experiment.........26-28
        3.2.1 Research subjects......... 26-27
        3.2.2 Research approach and procedure......... 27-28
    3.3 The Experiment .........28-42
        3.3.1 Research subjects .........28-29
        3.3.2 Research instrument .........29
        3.3.3 Effects of words differing ......... 29-35
            3.3.3.1 Research materials......... 29-31
            3.3.3.2 Research procedure......... 31
            3.3.3.3 Data processing .........31-35
        3.3.4 Effects of words differing .........35-38
            3.3.4.1 Research materials......... 35
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