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Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundation

2.1 The Definition and Evolving of Attribution Theory

In daily life,people are constantly searching for reasons and explanations for theirbehavior,for the behavior of others,and for the various events that occur around them.Forexample,why am I sick?Why was he so rude to me today?Why did this incident have thisresult...So,how do people explain these kinds of questions?These are the questions thatattribution theory is concerned with and seeks ways to address(Liu,2010:1).Attributiontheory is a collection of relevant research findings resulting from the study of attributions.Itexplores the psychological theory of the ways in which individuals analyze and infer thecauses of their own or others’behavior,and how different explanations affect their subsequentemotions,motivations,and behaviors.Attribution theory is a field of research that infers thecauses of people’s behavioral outcomes.It depends on the focus of the research the field canbe subdivided into two research areas:attribution cognitive process theory and attributioneffect theory.Attribution cognitive process focuses on how people attribute and what factorsinfluence.And the theory is divided into two main directions:logical attribution theory andnon-logical attribution theory.While attribution effect theory belongs to a theory ofmotivation and emotion that refers to how an individual's attribution of behavioral eventsaffects the individual’s motivation and emotional changes.Attribution effect theory is not onlya theory but also a powerful tool that researchers have applied various models and theoriesabout attribution to education,management and psychotherapy.

2.2 Kelly’s Covariation Attribution Theory

In Attribution Theory in Social Psychology,Kelly proposed a cube theory,also known asmulti-cue analysis theory,or covariation attribution theory.People mostly make attributionsunder conditions of uncertainty.People accumulate information from multiple events and usethe“covariation principle”to solve uncertainty problems.Kelly distinguishes between twotypes of attributions:one can be made on the basis of multiple observations of similarbehaviors or events,called multi-cue attributions,and another can be made on the basis of asingle observation,called single-cue attributions.Kelly believes that attribution to thebehavior of others generally goes through three stages,behavioral observation,causejudgment,the exclusion of accidental factors and factors forced by the environment.Ingeneral,people think along three lines when search for attribution,and then attribute the causeto the stimulus,actor,or the circumstance.Thus he proposed three clues,consistency,consensus and distinctiveness.It was experimentally verified that people usually analyzeaccording to the three cues and finally form an inference about the cause(Zhang,2020:14).

Consistency means how the person behaves in other contexts,whether he responds to thesame stimulus in the same way,namely,whether his behavior is stable and persistent.Consensus refers to whether others respond to the same stimulus in the same way as theperson.We say that the behavior shows consensus if everyone reacts similarly to the samesituations.Distinctiveness signifies so本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。