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Lighter margins are leading to greater scrutiny around pay and reward - the positive here is this might help to avoid some of the mistakes we have recently seen in the City, which some believe kick-started the decline.

Companies are also thinking more creatively about approaches to non-financial rewards - small things that can have a big impact.

CIPD ( Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development) did a survey o According to Watson and brotherton ,'' The hospitality industry is also becoming increasingly international in context and character. Many academic researchers have commented on the international dimension of the industry - Dunning and McQueen[10], Dave[11], Littlejohn[12], and Littlejohn and Beattie[13] - which has highlighted an enhanced understanding of many hotel operators' international strategies and actions. Within the context of management development, there are two vital aspects of this process which require comment. First, there is the issue of companies being able to develop managers who can survive in this complex international environment. Watson and Littlejohn[14] propose a two-tiered approach:

At a tactical level, organizations will have to ensure that managers can operate in different locations in a way which is sensitive to the local environment.

At a strategic level, managers are required who can think globally and view the organization in an international context.

The requirement for a broader knowledge/competency base, and the development of managers who can operate in an international context, will warrant the provision of a wider range of management development opportunities and career counselling in order for managers to reach their full potential.

Second, there is the issue of companies being able to attract and retain the calibre of management required. Research into hospitality management recruitment has found that many graduates are seeking employment in other industries - NEDC[15], Brotherton [16], Purcell and Quinn[17]. One particular theme which emerges from this research is the concern over differences in expectations between students/ graduates and the industry. Management loyalty will be a key business focus for the 1990s as the skills/abilities of managers who are able to perform effectively in the international market become more complex[9].

'Talent management' has emerged as the latest 'it' word in the human resource management (HRM) lexicon. A 2007 search of the term talent management on Google revealed approximately 5,750,000 hits, with talent management solutions, talent management tools, talent management software and talent management guides dominating various HRM periodicals and websites. Despite this apparent popularity, and like so many other HRM trends, a precise definition of talent management remains somewhat elusive. Further, there appears to be a disconnect between the fervour with which talent management is being proselytized by practitioners and its treatment within the academic community. Indeed a recent on-line search of peer reviewed academic journals through ScholarsPortal revealed a scant 57 articles on 'talent management'. Providing a critical revie本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。