英国留学生论文代写:The long road of setting and ensuring global standards- Dunleavy’s construction of the chapter [2]
论文作者:留学生论文论文属性:学期论文 termpaper登出时间:2010-12-27编辑:anterran点击率:11637
论文字数:3580论文编号:org201012271152298209语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:settingensuring global standards- Dunleavy’s constructionthe chaptertourismecotourismtourism standards
owever there are important challenges, reviewed here, to the feasibility of global standards and accreditation. These are considered here under level of development of certification, different nature of certification programs, level of knowledge, financial and political reasons.
Raising the benefits of certification is challenging when tourism companies do not start from a level playing field that allows them access to be certified. The first challenge is that different regions in the world are not at a comparable stage of implementation of certification programs; this makes it hard to propose standards that in effect can not be applied in certain countries or even continents. Specifically Europe differs greatly from the situation elsewhere in the world. 39 of 59 ecolabels analysed by Ecotrans on behalf of the World Tourism Organisation were based in Europe (WTO, 2002). . In developing proposals for Europe, the issue of whether developed countries could have a certification program is not questioned and is not a hurdle, but this is a key concern when thinking of a global reach. Europe has a high level of consumer consciousness towards environmental issues and governmental financial and technical support towards environmental initiatives. Initiatives such as VISIT in Europe are at the cutting edge and although there are growing attempts elsewhere, there are clear challenges to certification in developing countries, but also some cases of good practice. First, the Certificate of Sustainable Tourism (CST) in Costa Rica is has been accepted as a model for other Latin American countries, although there is little evidence of turning the political agreements into new national programmes by other countries. Second, Green Globe has successfully taken off in Australia and New Zealand, established partnerships with the Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Programme and the Pacific Area Tourism Association ***, opened offices in China and expanded operations throughout South East Asia, to become the programme of the Pacific. Elsewhere certification is not making an impact; North America has not shown an interest in the subject, while in Africa the Fair Trade in Tourism Network folded once external funds run out, with only a South African initiative still in operation
The second challenge is that not only different regions in the world have developed certification at different speeds, but also the fact that the meaning of sustainability standards is location specific. European programs target exclusively or mainly accommodation providers and the criteria relate almost in their entirety to environmental standards, whereas in developing countries sustainability cannot be understood without a strong socio-economic emphasis. European programs do not measure staff welfare as this is taken as already achieved, while the efforts for standards in Africa focus mainly on fair trade. Besides the differences in meaning of sustainability, the metrics for environmental standards are more established, and there is more consensus on what needs to be assessed; certification programs consistently measure water, waste and energy in somewhat transferable methods. While all stakeholders acknowledge the importance of community-based development and local empowerment, turning these principles into measurable criteria has proved a challenge, only seven programmes from those analysed by the WTO (2002) include social criteria, and these are more ambiguous and less tra
本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。