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les that explore green supply chain management practices, many questions still remain for academics and practitioners as to why and how companies translate their strategic intention into green supply chain practices. On the one hand, there is a need for understanding the potential benefits of specific green supply chain initiatives. 

On the other hand, the institutionalization process of a green “attitude” deserves further exploration. The purpose of greening the manufacturing supply chain is to achieve cost reduction, operational efficiency, flexibility and social image improvement, sales and customer value enhancement. For all industries, GSCM is essential to product quality, and has the potential to become a key business factor in an increasingly competitive and ever-changing marketplace. Another strong assumption is that GSCM do not only be considered by itself but strongly integrated to the triple bottom line of sustainability programs.

Starting from these preliminary considerations, several research directions are being explored.

First, contributing to the stream of supply chain literature arguing that each product needs a specific supply chain (Fisher, 1997), we expect to show that different types of supply chain strategies call for different types of sustainable strategies, and accordingly provide different benefits for companies.

Do lean and agile supply chains integrate sustainability into their strategic and operational issues in different ways?

Second, important questions remain as to whether taking into account environmental issues at the strategic level automatically implies its translation into supply chain initiatives or if it is just a sign of a widespread “greenwashing” attitude, that is the business trend towards green communication rather than green action, which is often criticized by external observers. Our work has several limitations as the lack of empirical data since it is mainly based on literature.

In spite of its limitations, this paper offers a quite comprehensive view on the green supply chain “positive” effects, the way to get a sustainable approach among companies worldwide and those that belong to different industries.

The argument of the advantage of an explicit and long-term viewpoint and integration of environmental, social and economic dimensions lead to the following proposition:

Companies that strategically accept Sustainable Supply chain management will accomplish higher economical performance than firms that only pursue one or two out of the three components of the triple bottom line.

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