政治军事学英文论文 [2]
论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:学术文章 Scholarship Essay登出时间:2015-06-26编辑:xiaoni2000点击率:12906
论文字数:4658论文编号:org201506250909206632语种:英语 English地区:加拿大价格:免费论文
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摘要:本文是一篇加拿大留学生职称论文,主要介绍了“不问不说”的军事政策。
w regulation on homosexuality was issued by the Department of Defense in 1981. This new regulation was specifically written to withstand a court challenge by striving to develop a uniformed and clarified regulation and justification for homosexuals in the military. Further this directive indicated the process in which the military would proceed with the discharge of a service member under this new directive (DOD Directive 1332.14 (Enlisted Administrative Separations), 1981).
The current policy was introduced as a compromise measure in 1993 by then-President Bill Clinton who, while campaigning for the Presidency, had promised to allow all citizens regardless of sexual orientation to serve openly in the military (Hillman, 2008). At the time, as per 1982's Department of Defense Directive 1332.14, it was military policy that 'homosexuality is incompatible with military service' and persons who engaged in homosexual acts or stated that they are homosexual or bisexual were to be discharged. Congress included text in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994 (passed in 1993) requiring the military to abide by regulations essentially identical to the 1982 policy, this was due to the opposition from Congress (DOD Directive 1332.14 (Enlisted Administrative Separations), 1982). The Clinton Administration on December 21, 1993 issued Department of Defense Directive 1304.26, which while following the letter of Congress's restrictions attempted to soften them by focusing on homosexual 'conduct' rather than sexual orientation, and stating that military applicants are not to be asked what their sexual orientation is. This is the policy now known as 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell'. Since it has been passed more than 13,000 troops have been discharged for homosexual conduct (General
Accounting Office, 1992).
Outside of the official regulations, homosexuals in the military were repeatedly the targets of a variety of harassment by their fellow servicemen; it is assumed that the harassers were attempting to persuade homosexuals to resign from the military service. Harassment occurred in many forms; with the change in military service in present day some of the more heinous forms of harassment have become all but obsolete. The present day harassment is normally played out as the homosexual service members being outcast or alienated from the group (Sisk, 2010).
According to military regulations, 'the goal (and intended results) of the DADT policy is to restrict the United States military from efforts to discover or reveal closeted gay, lesbian, and bisexual service members or applicants, while barring those that are openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual from military service'. The new restrictions put forth are mandated by federal law Pub.L. 103-160 (10 U.S.C.? ?§? 654). Unless one of the exceptions from 10 U.S.C.? ?§? 654(b) occurs, the policy strictly prohibits anyone who 'demonstrate(s) a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts' from serving in the United States armed forces, because 'it would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability.' (Pub.L. 103-160 (10 U.S.C.? ?§? 654)). This act prohibits any homosexual or bisexual person from speaking of or acting out in anyway, on or off duty, their sexual orientation. This policy is upheld throughout the service members' term in the United Sates armed for
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