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ms, the share of the service sector in the economy has increased, the share of the primary sector (e.g. agriculture) has decreased gradually and the share of the secondary sector (e.g. mining and processing) has remained about the same. For example, in 1999 the contribution of the secondary sector to GDP was 49.27% while that of the primary sector was 17.68% and of the services sector was 33.05%. Clearly, the secondary sector currently remains the most important contributor to China’s economy.
2.1.3 Changes in the Ownership Structure of Industrial Enterprises
The domestic economic reform process in China and associated closer integration into the world economy has greatly facilitated structural change in the ownership of industrial enterprises. In 1998, there were 7,974,565 industrial enterprises in China and their gross output value amounted to 11,904.8 billion Yuan. Foreign investors owned 10,717 of these enterprises. Those owned by investors from Hong Kong, Macao and Chinese Taipei totaled 15,725. Output value amounted to 845.8 billion Yuan for foreign-owned enterprises and 829.9 billion Yuan for those owned by investors from Hong Kong, Macau and Chinese Taipei.
In terms of the share in industrial output value, the contribution of state-owned enterprises has trended down while that of collectively owned and privately owned enterprises has steadily increased. The proportion of non-state owned enterprises in 1998 was 72%. The contribution of township and village enterprises (TVEs) is particularly notable. In 1999, TVEs contributed 30% of GDP, 49% of industrial output, 38% of exported commodities, 64% of value-added in rural areas and 34% of farmers' income. There are 68,000 township and village industrial enterprises (TVEs) whose sales revenue is more than 5 million Yuan. Of this number, more than 8,000 are large- or medium-sized enterprises.
The structural change in enterprise ownership has had significant implications for the transition from a planned to market-based economy. It has added dynamism to the economy and yielded important economic benefits. Table 1 summarizes aspects of this structural change for the period 1994 to 1998.
2.1.4 Reform of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)
Although the share of SOEs in the national economy has been declining, they still play an important role in providing employment and a source of revenue as well as advancing science and technology. Reform of SOEs has been a major, albeit difficult, aspect of economic reform in China. In 1998, the State Council affirmed that SOEs would be profitable within three years. In the last two years some progress has been made in SOE reform; for example, in 1999 total losses incurred by these enterprises were 15.9% lower than in 1998 and sectors such as textiles, construction materials, non-ferrous metal and railways returned a profit (Zeng, 2000). Indeed, in 1999 the SOEs returned a profit of 70 billion Yuan, which was 40% higher than the set target. In the first five months of 2000, the SOEs returned a profit of 69.2 billion Yuan, an increase of 3.1 times that for the same period in 1999. Nevertheless, it is a major challenge for all SOEs to return a profit. Some loss-making SOEs continue to under-perform, incurring losses of 42 billion Yuan in the first five months of 2000 (Chen, Huai, 2000).
2.2 Social Development Challenges
2.2.1 Population Growth and Urbanization
In 1999 China’s population was 1.23 bi本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。