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red by everyone in family. Games, in this respect，are like families, some gamesinvolve skills, some involve amusement and others involve competition. On a more abstractlevel，the principle of family resemblances is defined as: a set of items of the form AB, BC,CD, DE. That is，each item has at least one, and probably several elements in common withone or, more other items，but no, or few elements are common to all items (Rosch and Mervis,1975:575). Both the Wittgenstein's explanation and the definition supplied by Rosch andMervies pursue to explain the essential principles of family resemblances. They open up analternative approach to the classical view, which assists that attributes must be common to allcategory members, and they must be “category-wide.”
To conclude, since the publication of the Investigations, family resemblance has beendiscussed extensively not only in the philosophical literature, but also in the linguistics, forexampe, in works dealing with words classification distinguishing from the tradition. Thenotion of family resemblance features widely in Wittgenstein's later works and introduced inresponse to questions about the general form of propositions and the essence of language toshow a good beginning for lexis study. However, it is to be regretted that there is nothingabout the choice of prototypes in Wittgenstein's—although one would possibly not teach thecategory by pointing only out the borderline instances. It is the very task that one should spellout in detail the notion of a central, or prototypical member of a category.

Chapter Two Theoretical Foundations

This chapter will discuss prototype categorization and the ways in which people organizeknowledge (here means how to form polysemy, and how to organize the mechanism ofpolysemy). One way to organize knowledge is to form categories. Categories consist ofobjects or events that we have grouped together because we feel they are somehow related.We may regard words expression as a category, and we can also regard the basic meaning ofthe word as a prototype category. The ability to categorize enables us to interact with ourenvironment and experience without becoming overwhelmed by its complexity.

2.1 Prototype Categorization
Prototype theory is a mode of graded categorization in cognitive science, where somemembers of a category are more central than others. For example, when asked to give anexample of the concept of furniture, chair is more frequently cited than stool. Prototypecategorization has also been applied in linguistics, as part of the mapping from phonologicalstructure to semantics (Eleanor Rosch, 1983).As formulated in the 1970s by Eleanor Rosch and others, prototype theory was a radicaldeparture from traditional necessary and sufficient conditions, which led to set-theoreticapproaches of extensional or intentional semantics.Thus instead of a definition based model -e.g. a bird may be defined as elements with the features [+feathers], [+beak] and [.ability tofly]，prototype theory would consider a category like bird as consisting of different elementswhich have unequal status - e.g. a robin is more prototypical of a bird than, say a penguin(Eleanor Rosch, 1973). This leads to a graded notion of categories, which is a central notionin many models of cognitive science and cognitive semantics, e.g. in the work of GeorgeLakoff (1987) or Ronald Langacker (1991). The term prototype has b本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。