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them proved by science, we are not likely to find any order from social phenomenon if social sciences should have paradigm. And should its research methods be restricted? And where is the standard of research? These problems date back to a higher level, and turn into the value of knowledge and the method of knowledge explorer , it seems that it’s a debate between the Philosophy of science and philosophy of knowledge. Problems in the lower levels, should it be paradigm in the field of social science research? That is a great impact on this issue. More detailed questioning, what is the meaning of the so-called "paradigm" implies? If there should not be a paradigm, then what is the basis that the promotion and dialogue of knowledge built on? If there should be a paradigm, would the research really have no value and conversational space if it is not in line with the paradigm? 1. Executive summary 1 2. The Essence of Paradigm ........ 2 3. Research paradigm can be reflected by three major problems: noumenon theory, epistemology and methodology..........3 3.1 Positivism....................3 3.2 Post-positivism . 4 3.3 The critical theory...................................................4 4. Take American political paradigm as an example...............5 5. Conclusions 6 6.Reference.............................................6 论文题目：Write an Essay of (roughly) 2500 words on one of the following topics. 1. What is ‘epistemological relativism’? Does it take different forms? Do you consider there is any form of epistemological relativism that is relevant to your field of study (or a field with which you have been familiar in the past)? Useful reading: Feldman, Richard, Epistemology. Prentice Hall (Pearson) 2003. Chapter 9. Rosenberg, Alex, Philosophy of Science – A Contemporary Introduction, 2nd Edition. Routledge. Chapter 7. OR: 2. What is a ‘paradigm’? Nearly 50 years ago Thomas Kuhn expressed doubt that there were any paradigms in the social sciences (though he thought this might well change in the future). Can you provide an example of a paradigm (and, if appropriate, a paradigm shift) in a social sciences or humanities discipline with which you are familiar? If you cannot find any, why do you think this might be so? (See Rosenberg, Chapters 6 and 7, and encyclopaedic references to ‘Kuhn’ and ‘paradigm’.) OR: 3. What is ‘naturalistic epistemology’ (see Feldman, Chapter 8, esp. pp 166 – 176, and Rosenberg, Chapter 6.) Why is it sometimes proposed? Do you think it can, or should, supersede philosophical epistemology? OR: 4. What do you believe is the relationship between reason and the passions (desires) in an understanding of practical reasoning? Discuss with reference to David Hume and/or Aristotle. Discuss whether one (or both) of these authors have any useful application to an understanding of practical reason (e.g. about policy development, about negotiation, about persuasion, about methods of introducing change and/or development etc.) within your primary field of study (or any field of study with which you have been familiar in the past). Useful reading: Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (Any edition) Book VI. Hume, D., A Treatise of Human Nature (Any edition) Book II, Part III, Section 3 (‘Of the Influencing Motives of the Will’). 所读专业：TESOL (属于教育专业或语言学) 细分专业：哲学公共课字数：2500字截稿时间：10天后 (11月25日) 学校国家：澳洲学校背景（档次）：四星大学补充要求： (这里有些有用的资料可以利用) Useful general references: Seech, Z., Writing Philoso