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英语新闻听力是英语学习者提高自身能力,熟练掌握英语所必需进行训练的一项内容。很多学生觉得新闻英语比较难听懂,有时候能听懂一些词汇,却无法听懂整条新闻。还有的觉得新闻中有较多的生词,不熟悉的背景,等等。在随机对所教的81名英语专业2006级(二年级)的学生进行问卷调查后,发现69%的学生认为新闻听力比较难。在所有影响他们对新闻听力理解的因素中,词汇、背景和语速分别占据前三位,接下来是语音、反应和语法。

关于如何进行英语新闻听力教学,提高学生的理解能力,笔者曾在《“脱离原语外壳理论”与英语新闻听力教学》利用“脱离原语外壳理论”进行了教学理论和实践上的探讨。既然学生的难点在于词汇和背景,笔者就针对不同新闻媒体对同一件事情的报道进行了对比,发现它们有共同点,也有不同点。运用这种教学模式,进行对比听力训练,可以帮助学生提高英语新闻听力的理解能力。

二、英语新闻听力对比教学模式

传统的英语新闻听力的教学模式,一般是利用若干篇材料,采用选择、正误判断、填空、问答等题型来训练学生的理解能力^[1]。为了让学生理解,一般是反复进行听力训练。这样的训练既枯燥又容易造成一种机械的训练,听力的训练必须要有理解,否则听懂了这篇,碰到下篇又会有问题。与其反复地听一篇新闻,不如采用多篇不同媒体对同一件事情叙述的材料。现代教学改革理论都强调发挥学生的自主能动性,湖南师范大学外国语学院的“英语视听说”国家精品课程主张强调培养学生的自主学习能力,强调以学生为中心,要让学生发挥积极性和主动性,教师只是个指导者。美国心理学家布鲁纳(Jerome Bruner)提出认知发现学习的方法,强调学生的学习应是主动发现的过程,而不是被动地接受知识^[2]。认为必须让学生自己去观察、分析和归纳,去发现规律,这有利于学生长期记忆,并促进其他学科的学习。语言学家乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)也认为学习语言不是单纯的模仿、记忆的过程,而是一种创造性的活动^[3]。英语新闻听力对比教学模式就是基于这样的理论而提出的,它可以使学生无论在信息量、词汇还是在对材料的理解分析方面都能有很大的提高。

1. 英语新闻听力对比教学模式的操作

不同媒体在对同一件新闻事件进行报道的时候,会基于不同的角度,有的是综合分析,有的是就事论事,有的是加入评论,还有的是简单报道。在措辞方面也会有所不同,表达同一个意思可能会用不同的词汇,有的可能会提供背景知识。

现在以不同英文媒体对美国总统奥巴马的就职典礼的报道为例来分析英语新闻听力教学中对比教学模式的操作。

以下是VOA、CNN和BBC在奥巴马就职当天(2009年1月21日)发布的新闻报道原文:

VOA: It is 15:00, Universal Time and here is the news from the Voice of America. Massive crowds are streaming onto Washington’s National Mall to see Barack Obama sworn in as the first African-American president of the United States. Hundreds of thousands of people began pouring onto the grounds before dawn today, braving heavy security and sub-freezing temperatures to be part of history.

CNN: So glad to see everyone, I’m Catherine Call-away from CNN Center in Atlanta with a look at what’s happening NOWINTHENEWS. America stepping into a new chapter of history today, Barack Obama has now be-come the nation’s 44th president. He was sworn in in front of a crowd of about two millilon people today. President Obama’s inaugural address was an appeal to begin what he called the work of remaking America. President Obama along with vice president Joe Biden all travel down Pennsylvania Avenue, kick off the inauguration parade, and open a new era of American government.

BBC News with Aleem Maqbool. President Obama has entered the White House for the first time since assuming office earlier today. He travelled there with his wife Michelle in a huge parade.They got out of their car to acknowledge the thousands of cheering people. Earlier, in his inaugural address, President Obama, the country’s first African-American president, said it was a mature of American liberty that he had become a president when less than 60 years ago his Kenyan father might have been refused service in a restaurant. As he delivered his inaugural address to the American people and the world, President Obama said he was entering office at a time of crisis. …

The two million people packed into the area outside the Capitol building gave Barack Obama huge roars of approval during his inauguration ceremony. There was alarm later at Mr. Obama‘s inauguration lunch when the veter-an Senator Ted Kennedy collapsed. Mr. Obama expressed his concern for Senator Kennedy who’s been treated for a brain tumor.

现在将三家媒体播报的新闻按照who, what, when, where, why, how (many)等要素以表格的形式对比如下:

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