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of the descendants, and the hill that the dead ancestors dwell is called family-hill (Fig. 12). Even a Feng-shui tree that was planted by the ancestor contributes to the identity of a family. The common fortune that induced by the good Feng-shui of the common ancestors' graves ties the members in the family together. They all belong to the land that has been defined and reclaimed by their ancestors. Competition between brothers may also be associated with the arrangement of Feng-shui landscape (Freedman, 1966). However, under the common ancestor and family hill, compromise will prevail when the family lineage must act as a whole. Fig. 11 A courtyard house of one family with symbolized surroundings (Guangdong Province, photo by the author) Fig. 12 The ancestor grave and family hill of Chen family, with famous and wealthy descendants in Hong Kong, overlooking the rich fields with symbolized landforms (Guangdong Province) Another level of intensive identity of place is the villages that account for the greatest portion of Chinese population. Socially, "every village is a little principality by itself" (Smith, 1899, p.226), and physically, in hilly land each village has its own dragon hill from which the village gets the living Qi (Fig. 13). The surrounding land forms and water courses are all named and given meanings which are associated with the villageThe same peak or stream shared by different villages can bear different names relating to each village. The Water Mouth is the most significant spot and also most controllable, and gates or distinctive constructions are erected to induce and lock in living Qi and keep off evil forces. They could be gateways in memory of a high-ranking minister from this community who had achieved merit in his official career, or gateways that show respect for the chaste and undefiled character of young widows, or the filial piety of sons . They could be a stele which recorded the visit of some minister or a poem some hundred years ago. Under a big tree or in front of a bridge at the Water Mouth, community members gather unselfconsciously for shade in mid-summer, for sun in winter, for news from the towns. All these create a sense of "insideness" among the individual members in the village. He is confident with the good Feng-shui that had brought this village a glorious past and can, equally, bring his village, and himself a prosperous future. Fig.13 Village dragon hills and feng-shui pattern, Hong Cun village, Anhui Province Usually members in the natural villages or compacted settlements were composed of male agnate descendants of a single ancestor together with their unmarried sisters, or at least one single lineage dominated a village (Freedman, 1960). A village in many cases is an expanded family, with a common founding ancestor who first settled in this land. An ancestral hall would be built at a specific site with dominant Feng-shui - the fortunes of the whole lineage or village are affected by the siting of this ancestral hall. While each individual family and member of the village looks to the Feng-shui of their own closest ancestors' graves for success, their fortune is at a broader scale associated with the more commonly shared Feng-shui, on which an above-family level of identity of "insideness" is achieved and strengthened through regular sacrifices which draws all members together. Where more than one family shares the land, the relationship between these two levels of identity (family l本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。