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just like fallen leaves.学生有时使用了连接词,但用得牵强附会,主次不分,指代不清。如:I like English because it’s a lovely language(a beautifullanguage, a useful tool and an access to the outside world).People like to read Sunday newspaper because it’s cheap(it’s usually thicker and has rich contents).There you will find that the air is very fresh. It(and theenvironment) is peaceful and charming.英语的衔接手段主要有三大类:过渡词衔接、词汇衔接和语法照应。对中国学生的训练重点应该是过渡词衔接。

 

三、主题不突出,语言缺乏修辞

 

1.段落缺少主题句如果试题不给出主题句,很多学生便不会写出主题句。下面是中国学生写的典型段落:I have been learning English for almost eight years. Al-though I have made a lot of efforts, and spend much time on it,I do not make very obvious progress. I think this is because wehave few opportunities to practice what we have learned. Howcan I memorize it if we learn a new world without any chance touse it? But if we encounter or use it in real life many times,things will be quite different.如果有To a Chinese it is not easy to learn English来统领全文,那主题就突出了。
2.主题句过于笼统,无法引出下文,难以突出中心,甚至跑题。如:关于“考试利弊”的命题作文,主题句若是Studentstake exams every year,那就难于引出下文。若换成:There aremany arguments about the advantage and disadvantage of ex-am,就便于扩展思路。选择主题句或段首句要有一定概括性,紧扣主题,能够浓缩作者的观点、看法和主张。如:The Importance of the Telephone的主题句:Of today’s modern convenience, the telephone is among the most impor-tant to health and safety.这样主题句比较精炼恰当。
3.论据不足,论证无力,这是学生易出现的第三种问题如:People like music because it’s very interesting.(分析简单)Women are playing an important role in China. For example,women players have won a lot of gold medals at Olympic Games.(论据不充分且不恰当)论点确定后,要选择典型论据,真实可靠,或论证,或分析,或对比,或类比及反证。
4.语言平淡,缺乏修辞手段比较一下以The Importance of Education为标题的两个段落:例1:Education is very important in our lives. It’s goodfor the development of society. Any country which ignore theimportant of education will remain poor.例2 :The prosperity of nation depends on the developmentof education. Throughout the world whatever advance has beenmade in science and technology is due to education which bringsup scientists and inventors. There’s no doubt that countrieswith underdeveloped education will remain poor.从这两篇短文中可以比较出例2的句式变化多样,用词丰富准确,因此比例1好。

 

教师在帮助学生解决写作中这些问题时,分析和对比英汉之间的差异是非常有效的办法之一。中国人与西方人看问题的方法的确在许多方面存在着差异,而且这种差异的的确确在束缚着中国学生,成为他们英文写作中的拦路虎,使他们不能畅所欲言,不能准确而简洁地表达思想,比如,英美人与中国人思维方式不同。英美人的思维方式是直线式的,他们在遣词造句谋篇上遵循着从一般(general)到具体(spe-cific),从概括(summarize)到举例(exemplify),从整体(whole)到个体(respective)的原则;英语结构紧凑,汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子,即英语句子是由断不可缺的各种连接词衔接而成,宛如节节相连的竹子,而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”,所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅;英语中各种连接词与替代词的广泛使用,使得英语中出现“多枝共干”式的长句、复合句,汉语则常用短句、简单句等等。

 

[参考文献]
[1]蔡基刚.英汉写作对比研究[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2001.

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