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acher in the traditional class, such as making decision onthe learning objectives and choosing learning material, and evaluating the learning process.Autonomous learning is learnable, thus autonomous learning ability can be cultivatedgradually.

1.1.2 Definition of Learning Strategies
During the learning process, one might find that some people can learn every subjector several subjects very quickly and well. On the other hand, some people have problemsin learning. Therefore, many researches try to find out the learning mechanism thatlearners have, concerning issues such as what makes learners successful at learningsomething, and why some people are more effective at learning than others. Williams &Burden (2000) point out that the issues can only be dealt with by investigating learningstrategies.However, what exactly is meant by the term learning strategy? The term languagelearning strategy has been defined by key figures in the field of second language andforeign language education. Wenden and Rubin (1987:19) define learning strategies as “...any sets of operations, steps, plans, routines used by the learner to facilitate the obtaining,storage, retrieval, and use of information.” Rubin (1987:22) later wrote that languagestrategies “are strategies which contribute to the development of the language system which the learner constructs and affect learning directly” (p.22). O'Malley and Chamot(1990:1) defined language strategy as “the special thoughts or behaviors’ that individualsuse to help them comprehend, learn, or retain new information”. Oxford (1992) providesspecific examples of Language Strategy (i.e., “In learning ESL, Trang watches U.S. TVsoap operas, guessing the meaning of new expressions and predicting what will come next”)and defines learning strategies as specific actions, behaviors, steps, or techniques thatstudents intentionally use to improve their process in the language learning(Oxford,1992:18). Schmeck (1998:12) considers learning strategies as “combinations ofcognitive(thinking) skills implemented when a situation is perceived as a demandinglearning”. Learning strategies are “a way in which a learner attempts to work out themeaning and uses of words, grammatical rules, and other aspects of language” (Richards,Platt and Weber, 1999:10).

Chapter Two Theoretical Foundation and Classification o fLanguage Learning Strategies

Learning strategies in autonomous learning are based on some theory. In the firstsection of the chapter, the researcher will provide the theory including humanistic learningtheory, constructive learning theory, linguistic theory as well as the foreign languageteaching and learning theories.

2.1 Theoretical Foundations

2.1.1 Humanistic Learning Theory
Humanistic learning theory originated from humanistic psychology. It is based onexistential psychology. That is to say individuals must have a clear mind of their existenceand social responsibility. They must be responsibility for their actions.According to Maslow (1968), one basic function of education is helping learners todevelop themselves individually and achieve self-actualization. Rogers (1983), a famousAmerican psychologist and pioneer of the humanistic approach to psychology laysemphasis on understanding personality and human relationships in his person-centeredapproach, which is now widely adapted to many different fields本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。