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ritage, they form a set of values and beliefs. This set of their principles of life shapes their culture. No culture belongs to an individual. It is rather shared among many people of a certain part of the world. It belongs to a single community and not to any single human being. Culture is learned. The members of a culture share certain ideals, which shape their lives. Generations learn to follow these ideals and principles. Culture propagates through generations, which adopt their old customs and traditions as a part of their culture. The ideals they base their lives on is a part of their culture. Cultural values are imparted from one generation to another, thus resulting in a continual of traditions that are a part of culture. The language, the literature and the art forms pass across generations. Culture is learned, understood and adopted by the younger generations of society.

 

Robbins (2003) noted that there are seven key characteristic which are the basic of an organizational culture, this gives a clear picture on organizational culture and the understandings of employees and how they are supposed to behave. The characteristics are:

 

Innovation and risk taking. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks.

 

Attention to detail. The degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail.

 

Outcome orientation. The degree to which the management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to achieve those outcomes.

 

People orientation. The degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effects of outcomes on people within the organization.

 

Team orientation. The degree to which work activities are organized around teams rather than individuals.

 

Aggressiveness. The degree to which people are aggressive and competitive rather than easy going.

 

Stability. The degree to which organizational activities emphasize maintaining the status quo in contrast to growth.

 

(Robbins, 2003, p.525)

 

2.2 Elements and characteristics of culture

Oak (1951) justifies that when it comes to the elements of the culture it would be as follows. The language, other forms of expression as also the thoughts and emotions of the people, their social and cultural norms, their principles and beliefs are the basic elements of culture. For an effective transfer of culture from one generation to another, it has to be translated in terms of symbols, which repres本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。