Simultaneous Listening and Speaking [5]
论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-13编辑:黄丽樱点击率:14732
论文字数:6016论文编号:org200904131928074895语种:中文 Chinese地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:ListeningSpeakingSLTLSI
accuracy. Therefore, the reason for the low TSR seems to be the unique situation of English into Korean SI.
The TSR increases as interpreters and speakers accelerate their utterances. One noteworthy observation is that TSR was free from the change in SSPM or speakers' articulation rate. In other words, TSR was influenced by the SP factor rather than by speed of SL.
Figure 1
Figure 1 answers some important questions about the relations between SSP, ISP and TSR. The first is that the speaker's pause within ISP decreases as SSP increases and vice-versa. This is because the gap between ISP and TSR is the speaker's pause within ISP. As the SSP increases, speaker's pause within ISP decreases proportionally, thereby leaving ISP unchanged. This quite reasonable assumption is confirmed by the correlation (r = 0.87, p < 0.001) between the changes in speaker's pause in total utterance time and speaker's pause within ISP.
In samples from 1 to 13 in Figure 1, where SSP is low, we can see interpreters keep the TSR as low as 30% with 50% of the ISP. In other words, interpreters are able to engage in listening, converting, and other forms of processing with a certain reduction in TL delivery. At the same time, information density is not so high due to the low SSP. This leads to almost 90% accuracy of the SI samples. On the other hand, in samples from 17 to 30 the situation is totally different. The reduced speaker's pause resulting from high SSP, which is the real space for multi-processing, makes the TSR high, and interpreters do not have the luxury of listening to the SL without uttering their TL. This means that interpreters in these samples experience their listening overlapped by TL production most of the time. Compounding the problem even further, the high SSP is accompanied by high information density, which in turn makes interpreters' processing more difficult as proven by the negative correlation between SSP and accuracy (r = - 0.47 p < 0.01). Concerning the density of speech, Gile (1997) explains:
High speech density may be the most frequent source of interpretation problems and failures. It is associated with fast delivery of the speech. (Gile 1997: 205)
Barik (1975) also said "the more the S speaks in a fixed period of time, the more often and the greater the amount of material likely to be omitted by the T."
Therefore, this increased TSR and high density resulting from high SSP really constitute a vulnerable spot in the SI (de Groot 1997). This TSR neatly illustrates the "excessive multi-processing" in Lee (1999) when he explains the drop in accuracy of SI due to high SSP.
But it is too early to conclude that accuracy of SI decreases when interpreters increase TSR, because of the following counter-example: A paired t-test for 18 samples that we included intentionally, that is, 9 pairs of interpretations for 9 speeches, revealed that the SI with higher TSR record better quality than others with relatively low TSR (df = 8, t = 3.18, p < 0.05). This means that, under the same SSP conditions, higher TSR brings better SI quality than lower TSR. This might not seem to be in line with the above findings.
A close look at the trend, however, reveals that although the quality of one interpretation with higher TSR is slightly superior to the other, neither interpreter could completely escape the negative correlation between accuracy and TSR. In other words, the difference between the two interpretation qualities was not big enough to
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