摘要:本文主要研究互联网及移动通信在政治活动中的重要作用,从互联网和政治的关系、社交网络的历史、定义、概述,社交网络和政治的关系等方面进行分析,并以菲律宾选举和奥巴马现象为例,说明互联网和移动通信的具体作用。
, guestbooks and journals (D. Skog, personal communication, September 24, 2007 as cited in boyd & Ellison, 2007).
In 2001, the next wave of SNS came as Ryze.com took off in helping people “leverage their business networks” (A. Scott, personal communication, June 14, 2007 as cited in boyd & Ellison, 2007). Ryze, Tribe.net, LinkedIn and Friendster, whose creators were interlinked personally and professionally, believed they could exist without competing (boyd & Ellison, 2007). Hence, Ryze never drew in mass popularity, Tribe.net developed for “a passionate niche user base”, LinkedIn established itself as a powerful business service, and Friendster is now known as the most significant and “one of the biggest disappointments in Internet history” (Chafkin, 2007, p. 1 as cited in boyd & Ellison, 2007).
Friendster was built and designed primarily to help friends-of-friends meet, with the belief that friends-of-friends would be better romantic partners than strangers would (J. Abrams, personal communication, March 27, 2003, as cited in boyd & Ellison, 2007).
Since 2003, more new SNSs were launched that social software analyst Clay Shirky (2003) coined the term YASNS: “Yet Another Social Networking Service”. The majority were profile-centric sites like Friendster, or target specific demographics. Socially organized SNSs seek broad audiences while career-oriented sites such as LinkedIn, Xing and Visible Path focus on business professionals. “Passion-centric” SNSs like Dogster, Couchsurfing and MyChurch help people sharing a common interest connect and interact (T. Rheingold, personal communication, August 2, 2007 as cited in boyd & Ellison, 2007). As the social media phenomena grew, websites chiefly for media sharing started adopting SNS features and becoming SNSs themselves (boyd & Ellison, 2007). Examples of these are Flickr (for photo sharing), Last.FM (for music-listening habits), and YouTube (for video sharing).
SNSs proliferated worldwide. Friendster gained its traction in the Pacific Islands (Madhavan, 2007 as cited in boyd & Ellison, 2007).
Blogging services with SNS features also became fashionable. In the U.S., Xanga, LiveJournal, and Vox - all with SNS features - attracted broad audiences (boyd & Ellison, 2007).
In contrast to older SNSs, Facebook was created for a college network. It was launched in early 2004 exclusively for Harvard (Cassidy, 2006 as cited in boyd & Ellison, 2007). To register, a user must have a harvard.edu email address. However, in September 2005, Facebook opened itself to high school students, professionals, and, eventually, everyone (boyd & Ellison, 2007). A distinct feature of Facebook is its ability for outside developers to create “Applications” for users to customize their profiles and perform other tasks, such as playing games, comparing quiz results and chart travel histories.
Some SNSs seek narrower audiences, instead of growing exponentially. For example, aSmallWorld and BeautifulPeople limit access “to appear selective and elite” (boyd & Ellison, 2007). Even more, now, anyone who wants to build a niche SNS can do so on Ning, the SNS of SNSs (boyd & Ellison, 2007).
At present, there are no consistent data on how many people use SNSs, however, marketing research reveals that the SNS phenomenon is expanding its reach worldwide - encourag
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