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一、全部倒装
全部倒装是指将整个谓语置于主语之前。使用全倒装的情况主要有以下几种:
(一) there be句型There are many more taxis now than before.
(二)当句首状语为here, there,
now, then等时。此时句子的谓语通常是come, go等。
Here are some beautiful presents for you.
There goes the bell.
Then came the memory of that time
when he was a farmer.
Now comes the chance.
但是要注意,如果句子的主语是代词,则句子不用倒装。
Here he comes.

(三)当句首状语为运动方向的副词,谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时。这种句子的时态通常是一般过去时或一般现在时。这种结构使句子所描述的情景更加生动,从而产生一种绘声绘色的语言效果和修辞上的色彩。
Down came the hammer and out flew the sparks.
Up went the rocket into the sky.
此时,如果主语是代词,句子也不用倒装。
Out they rushed like a whirlwind.若这些副词不是表示方向性,而是跟其他动词搭配构成短语动词,就不能把它提到句首。如: Tom stayed up last night, so he was sleepy now.不能改为:
Up Tom stayed last night, so he was sleepy now.

(四)在表示祝愿的句子中
Long live the People 's Republic of China!

(五)在so, nor, neither或no more
开头的句子中
此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况,也适用于另一句中的主语。注意这时谓语动词要随后面的主语变化。
I don t' like this film and neither does my husband.
He will help us, so will she.
有时nor表示否定的概念。
I dont' know and neither do I care.

(六)表语位于句首时
有时为了给表语更突出的地位或是使句子结构平衡,避免头重脚轻现象,要将表语提到句首。
Present at the reception were friends from various countries.
Nearly were two boats in which they had come to the lonely island.
Gone forever are the days when they lived in the isolated village.
Happy is he who has a sound mind and sound body.

(七)分词提到句首时
分词提到句首是指进行时态中的现在分词,分词后面跟的宾语和状语也必须同时向前提。
Participating in the meeting were many professors.
Attending the state banquet were the Party and government leaders as well as foreign distinguished guests.

(八)拟声词放在句首时
Bang! bang! bang! came three reports of firecrackers and Philip suddenly felt his body became light.

(九)当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时
为了强调或避免头重脚轻,可以把地点状语(多为介词短语)提到肯定句的句首,这时主谓语往往是不及物动词或及物动词的被动态。
At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
Before us lay a lot of difficulties.
To the list may be added the following names.

(十)在直接引语之后
在叙事性书面语中,直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中,动词常的主语之前,主语是代词时,不用倒装。
“What do you mean?” asked Henry.

二、部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语动词中的一部分(如助动词、情态动词或be动词等)置于主语之前。除了疑问句和感叹句之外,还有几种情况使用部分倒装。

(一)在虚拟语气中,如果非真实条件句省略if, 须将主句中的were,had和should等助动词和主语颠倒形成部分倒装。
Were he younger ( = If he were younger), he would learn skating. Should they forget ( = If they should forget) to bring a map with them, they would get lost in the woods.
Had they realized (= If they had realized) how important the task was, they wouldn′t have refused to accept it. Were there (=If there were) no air or water, there would be no life in the world.
注意,如果if从句中没有were, had, should等词,就不能省略if If he knew English, he would go to America.
不能改为Knew he English, he would go to America.

(二)在以具有否定意义的副词及词组开头的句子中
一个句子如果是以否定意义的副词或状语词组开头时,就必须用倒装语序。
这些词和词组通常有: never, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody 等。
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