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eory proposed by Quintilian are the two importanttheories in this period. “Any serious study of metaphor is almost obliged to start withthe works of Aristotle” (Ortony,1993:25). Aristotle is the forefather on the studies ofthe metaphor abroad. In his classic works Rhetoric and Poetics, Aristotle elaboratesthat metaphor is a figure of speech that expresses the same meanings by substitutingone word for another, and these two words constitute a relationship of comparison. Hisviews have a huge effect on the studies of metaphor and make a foundation for thefurther study. Quintilian is another famous theorist after Aristotle, and he is therepresentative of the substitution theory. He claims the essence of metaphor is that ametaphorical word or phrase is used to replace another equivalent literal expression,and both of them share the same central meaning.Both comparison theory and substitution theory regard metaphor as a rhetoricphenomenon. The function of metaphor is mere an auxiliary function that can makelanguage vivid and interesting in the plain style, but it merely used in literature. InChina, at that time, metaphor was considered as a category of biyu(比喻). As themechanism of yinyu (隐喻), mingyu (明喻) and jieyu (借喻) are quite the same.
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2.2 Previous Studies on Metaphor Translation
The studies of metaphor translation have been neglected in translation theory for along time, and it have barely discussed in the linguistically oriented schools’ standardworks. Peter Newmark (Newmark, 2001: 38-40) is one of the few translation scholarswho make systematic study on metaphor translation. In his books Approaches toTranslation and A textbook of Translation, he distinguishes metaphor into six types:original, stock, dead, adapted, cliche, recent. He suggested seven methods of metaphortranslation: replacing the image in the source language with a standard target languageimage; reproducing the same image in the target language; translation of metaphor bysimile plus sense; translation of metaphor by simile; same metaphor combined withsense and deletion. .Although E. A. Nida (Nida, 1996: 67) did not directly propose the methods ofmetaphor translation, he put forward three methods to translate the idiom: to render themeaning of the idiom; to translate the idiom literally and to use an equivalent idiom inthe receptor language . These methods can be applied to metaphor translation.The studies of metaphor translation in China are more pragmatic. They are severaltypical studies of metaphor translation. Zhang Peiji ( Zhang Peiji, 1980: 53) and hisco-compilers propose three methods: “replacing the source language image with astandard target language image, literal translation and converting the metaphor tosense” .
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Chapter 3 An Overview of Metaphor in English News .........8
3.1 Functions of Metaphor in English News........8
3.2 Classifications of Metaphor in English News ......8
3.2.1 Metaphorical Expressions Projected by.......9
3.2.2 Metaphorical Expressions Projected by Different.....10
3.2.3 Non-Metaphorical Expressions .......10
Chapter 4 Strategies for Translating Metaphors .......12
4.1 Retaining the Source Image ......12
4.1.1 The Metaphor to Metaphor strategy ......12
4.1.2 The Metaphor to Simile Strategy.....14
4.1.3 The Metaphor and Paraphrase Strategy .......15
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