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论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-11-13编辑:yangcheng点击率:13985
论文字数:6141论文编号:org201411122338222715语种:英语 English地区:美国价格:免费论文
关键词:美国经济结构留学生作业Economics EssayLocal Governments
摘要:这是一篇对美国经济结构进行分析的留学生作业,近期,美国经济软化,并且2001年9月的恐怖袭击加剧了经济下滑,我们一直关注的一些事件也在亚洲西南、中东和朝鲜半岛展开,这不仅在全球而且在家附近的经济也有所发展。
A particularly important area for government intervention relates to transport. Many studies have been done regarding privatizing urban bus services and making toll roads. Transport economists tell us that in many cities congestion pricing is the best if not the only effective way to tackle congestion problems. In a congestion-pricing scenario, an automobile is charged for driving during hours of peak congestion. The proposed schemes will use purely electronic toll collections, not “Chicago-style” tollbooths. Debit systems can be designed to ensure privacy, and of course it is central that tolls be high during peak periods and zero (or very low) off-peak. This serves as an incentive for individuals to drive in off-peak hours or take advantage of carpooling and public transportation.
Economists have not made much headway in convincing the rest of society that congestion pricing is the best way forward in congested cities. In fact, around the world there seems to be a bias away from pricing policies that could tackle congestion problems in a serious manner, and toward public investment in fixed rail transit, which is efficient only under very specific conditions (extremely high population density and a few fixed nodes of employment that would correspond to potential transit stops). In addition to congestion pricing, some increase in fuel taxes would address external costs of carbon emissions; perhaps most importantly, a more rational transportation policy would modify the way we tax trucks and other heavy vehicles.
It turns out from engineering studies that road wear is roughly a cubic function of weight per axle. The practical implication is that autos have almost no impact on road wear; it’s mostly from heavy trucks, and as they get heavier, our roads wear out much faster. Taxing trucks on a cubic function of weight per axle would not only generate the funds we need to maintain roads, but it would provide strong incentives to truck owners to choose “appropriate technology,” i.e. to properly balance the benefits of larger trucks with their costs.
Such a major change could not and should not be made overnight. First of all, such significant changes in truck taxation (and, for that matter, aforementioned changes in fuel taxes) would have to be made in concert with other states. Secondly, current truckers have invested in trucks under one set of rules; a phase-in of improved (not necessarily higher, in the aggregate!) taxation would permit existing owners to amortize their prior investments.
Outside of a few of our largest cities, intracity rail has not returned much on investment, even when effects on congestion and the environment are properly included in the calculus. Experience in midsized cities like Dallas, Buffalo and Portland have demonstrated that light rail and commuter rail systems are generally ineffective transportation investments, because they are expensive, inflexible and soak up transit resources wi本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。